Welsh Newspapers
Search 15 million Welsh newspaper articles
18 articles on this Page
--+-------.---Fertilisers,…
--+- Fertilisers, Feeding Stuffs, Ac. I BY DR. DYER, F.I.C., F.L.S., F.C.S. II—Farmyard Manure. The value of farmyard manure depends, firstly, on the materials of which it is formed, secondly, on the condition of its formation, and thirdly, on the way it is kept and treated until ib is applied to the soil. The materials are litter and the excreta of animals. Litter consists generally of straw, but sometimes, to a considerableandiricreasmg extent, of peat moss. Peat moss litter is more absorbent than straw, and therefore goes further, and it reo tains better than straw the manurial properties of the exoreta which it takes up Its use on the farm in partial substitution for straw sets free a corre- sponding quantity of straw for feeding purposes. In such seasons as that we have just passed through, or rather through w,hich we are still pass- ing, the scarcity of fodder renders it an absolute necessity to economise straw as much as possible. But even in ordinary seasons straw might bo much more largely UtUised as fodder than it is, of which more will be said hereafter. Here all that need be stated is that- as a material for litter, in making f«rmyar(J uianure the advan- tage in value as an absorbent and producer of concentrated and wellxpresei-ved manure lies with peat moss. The valuable constituents of dung are nitrogen (in various forms), phosphates, and potash. there is a mass of orgauic^aU6r'_chiefly tibre- which ou rotting makes a most valuable mechanical addition to the soil; but this forms the main part of the dry letter in any case, whether the dung be rich or poor. It is the variations m nitroga*, pj^nhates, and potash that make the difference between rich and poor dueg-for these are the actual"plant foods, as distinguished from aids to physical condition I which dung conveys to the soil Now apart from the quantities of these con- stituents contained 111 the straw-the proportion t of valuable plant food 111 the dung depends upon I the QUANTITY OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHATES, OB POTASH m the exeveth, solid and liou; ,,f the animals littered on the straw. « This, even for any one ChtSR of animat, is by no means a constant quantity. A certain proportion of nitrogen and of saline matters is voided daily by each animal m virtue of the merely necessary vital processes—the daily body waste. This is made liP, day by day, by the animal retaining a corresponding quantity of hke inpredients from its food. If ,n addition to this it ,8 mowing or producing milk, it abstracts froin itsSfood some- what more nitrogen and saliMe matters But, after all, ,t will not retain In its carcase, or yield as milk, more than from widely 8peakiug, one- tenth to one-fifthi of the nitrogen, phosphates, and potash contained m its daily nf th« starch, sugar, oil, and albuminous jn 'its food, a large proportion will be expelled in the breath and as moisture by various channel*, resoiratorv and excretory while a good deal will" be coJ- verted into flesh (muscle and fat) or mt|k. Bub tho on.y portions of the food that Tftnc?Pable- w,n converted into manure, of nourishing plants, are the nitroK*n (one ccn- ty f the albuminoids), the phosphate.^ and the potash. Ihese ingredlent it hal, been said already the animals only retain a small K 1 rest passes through their systems either as waste matter that has done its physio- logical work in the body and is doua w;fch or as mere undigested superfluity. -A"y k"ov7 ^H^tLJU,look he fattened either on a starchy food like maize or in nil* and f°°p-hke Hu8eed Cake 0r decorticated cotton cake. Given A LIBERAL DIET OF GOOD HAY AND ROOTS, it probably will not make a great deal of difference whether the animal gets maize or cake. If he is fed on poor hay, or hay and Ktlaw chaff, with united roots it will make a great difference- but more of this later. Now, ln„«Pd cake contain, three times as much nitrogen as maize and decorticated cotton tJ&ke four times as much; and therefore since pre- suming the animal in either case to' have enough for its requirements, it cannot use up more than a given quantity 0f mtrogen from either food, there is evidently a far ia,er proportion of nitrogen in the manure from the cake-lea beast than in that from the maize-fed one. Ground.nut cake, decorticated cotton cake and linseed cake are highly nitrogenous English cotton cake, peas, and dried grams, are inter- mediately nitrogenous; while wheat barley maize, oats, and rice are examples of poor nitro- genous foods. Roughly speaking, foods ricil in nitrogen are also, generally, rich in phosphates and potash, and vice-varsa. While, then, it is no longer to be laid down as a canon of English farming that the aim and ob- ject of the farmer is to make his dung as rich as he aft, it is nevertheless desirable that he should remember how far and in what way any altera- tion in his feeding operations is calculated to in- crease or diminish the value of his dung-heap. To grasp in a moment the great direction in which farmers sin in the waste of manure we have only to clearly realise one simple fact—a fact so simple indeed that the persistent failure to appreciate it, or to act on that appreciation, is curious. It is that by far the most valuable part of the manurial matter of farmyard manure is contained in the liquid excreta of the animals, and exists in the dung" in a soluble and readily fermentable form. It isquite common to see open farmyards strewn all over with dung which « not frequently re- moved to the dung heap, but LEFT EXPOSED IN A GHADUAU.Y DEEPENING LAYER to the soddening and washing action of the rain. Pools of rich brown drainage accumulate as the litter ptovfcs itself incompetent absorb the rainfall in addition to the natural moisture from the beutll, and this drainage finds oouvenieub gutterc, accidental or disguised, by which it flows a/wayj pot into an underground tank but into the nearest ditch, where much of the very essence of tho manure, viz., the ammonia saltg and soluble phosphates and potash salts is absolutely lost. When at last the condition of the yard be<comes too bad, the half-spoilt manure ie carted to the dung-heap, and this is too often 80 placed or so made as to encourage still further loss, by drain- age or by fermentation, or by both, of its more valuable materials. Without doubt the best way to avoid the great bulk of this enormous loss would be by the uni. versal use of deep-feeding boxes and coverod yards; but, unfortunately, such agricultural enterprise as should provide these is, at the present tjnie, only possible on A LIMITED NUMBER OF FARMS OR ESTATES. Ready money is too precious to the landlord M well as to tbe farmer to be freely spent even in permanent improvemsnts of such acknowledged value as good farm buildings. The simplest of remedies for loss is to make, as a foundation for tbe dung heap, a good bed of dry eartb, and to remove the dung as frequently as may be possible from the ftaar of the yards or boxes, and to pile it on the bed of earth, covering ill occasionally with a "Rht protective layer of earth, and, finally, with a good thick coating of the same material. Dung, preserved in this way, I was found by analysis, after MX months, to have lost but two per cent, of its virtue; white a similar mass of dung without t.he protective cover of earth, lost 23 per cent., or nearly one- fourth of its virtue—measured in each OMeby the loss of the most valuable ingredient, nitrogen. Tested in the field, tho earth-preserved manure yielded on a potato crop more than three times the morease yielded by a correspanding quantity* of the carelessly-kept dung, unprotected by earth, and in another trial nearly twice as much inorease on a wheat crop. This mode of preservation is particularly recommended on strong moisture- retaining land.
[No title]
GETTING EVEN WITH HUB. —She: If I never marry until I marry you, I will die an old maid. —H« t That'* so. unless I chancre my mind.
v-q.11 ','JSg SAME TMINGu
v-q. 1 'JSg SAME TMINGu FLOSSIE (after feast of pudding): "Mamma," she said, pressing her hands wearily upon her stomach, "toy sash is just like a window sash, isn'ti itr'-s' In what way, dear r asked the mother, smilingly.—"Beoause it's around (be twin*, she replied, demurely.
I GOSSIPS' CORNER'.-
I GOSSIPS' CORNER'. A ton of diamonds is wortb 835,000,000. Newspaper advertisements date from 165& No fewer than 28 mayors possess wives who <M< total abstainers. The emblem of the Mormons, or Latter-Da} Saints, is a bee-hive. Surveying for rubies and sapphires is "n pleasant work in Siam. Lord Rosebery is an insatiable reader of new* papers and magazines. Even Indian and Japanese Prinoesses now aen4 to England for their shoes. The German Empress has all her boys dressed by a firm of English tailors. Queen Christina of Spain is the only sovereigt who has been up in a balloon. Crows are this season dilatory in buildior; t sure sign of more wind and rain. The biggest trader in the world is Philip n Armour, Chicago's richest citizen. The coal trade in the Erewash Valley coatintu* to decline, and prices are weakening. In his first dealings with the turf Lord Raw bery was most decidedly a plunger." A medical professor in the University of Geneva says the lady students lack perseverance. A judge in Germany lives a cultivated am*, more or less respected man on JB250 a year. Of our younger peeresses, none drossos moit simply than the young Countess of Dudley,, I" Pale blue note-paper and violet ink used i( combination is the latest stationery fashion. Dr. Klein says that what we call the HiJk! Way is to a certain extent an optical illusion." Mr Gladstone once acted as precentor at la- verary Castle, Dr. Guthrie being the preacher. The Transvaal has established an order (Í, knighthood, to be called the Order of the Golder Eagle. Lord Glasgow spent 50 years and an immenst fortune in the attempt to win the Derby, anc failed. C Mr Lewis Morris has a poem in this month'; "Pall Mall Magazine." III is on country wedding. Baron de Hirsch has just sent a donation ot B200 to the funds of the French Hospital au( Dispensary. As far as one can judge, them are betweef 40,000 and 50,000 newspapers published throucb- out the world. It is proposed to present the senior membtt for Sunderland, Mr Samuel Storey, with a broml. bust of himself. None of the European States, except Russia, exhibits such a diversity of race and language a.: the Austrian Empire. Miss Braddon is said to have tried her hand at play writing in her early days before she defiDÏW, found her "vocation." It has taken Mr Joseph Chamberlain over U years to gather the magnificent collection of orchids he now possesses. The Duke of Sutherland's Scottish goldfielck are, it is now settled definitely, to be opened at soon as the season permits.. A writer says he knows of persona in Constanti nople who consume in 24 hours more than twg packets of 25 cigars each. The greeting given to the Princess of, Wales on the Drawing-room day was so hearty at evidently to move her deeply. The Sheffield district has 973 Wesleyan loW preachers, which is said to be the highest numbft of any district in British Methodism. Mr Harry Furniss's secession from the siaffot Punch has made room for Mr E. T. Reed, wbt is the son of Sir Edward Reed, M.P. A. London reporter, who has been in the haadt of a lady barber, remarks enthusiastically, "Then was quite a poetry about that sbavo." The London telegraph lads have a grieva.Det4 namely, that they are invidiously compelled t< join the Army, or to lose their employment. The richest actor in the world is M. Goqaolia, whose fortune is estimated at £ 200,000. Next M him, in point of wealth, is probably Mr Irving. In addition to a quantity of false Transvaal coins, a. number of spurious English half-cro^n? and florins are also circulating in Johannesburg. The Siamese instruments of torture are, sayt an American paper, made in England, aud,ben the trade mark of a prominent Birmingham fitna. A scarcity of briefs afflicts the legal community in London. One continues to hear on all øipel lugubrious moans as to the slackness qf litigation, Senor Parbo Sarasate, the famous violinist celebrated his 50th birthday last Saturday, having been born at Pampeluna, in Navarre, on Marct 10th, 1844. <' Dr. Parry, the South Wales composer, has pro. mised to conduct at the performance of hit oratorio, Judith, by the Musical Society ai Warwick. Madame Clara Novello Davies and her Welst Ladies' Choir have arranged to give coocertt during April at Manchester, Liverpool, KtU Birkenhead. Sir John and Lady Jenkins, of The Grange Swansea, and Mrs D. L. Thomas, of Swansea. are staying at the Manor House Hotet, Leamington. There are rumours again of a project to eetab. lish a permanent orchestra in London after the style of Sir Charles Halle's magnificent Man- chester band. Sir John Rigby has expressed the opinion thati, in order to earn the grant, a free school must aup> ply free books. The books must, however, be call "lent," not "given." Rebecca, the Jewess, in Sir Walter Seottt Ivanhoe," was a portrait of a lady known M Rebecca Gratz, who died in Pennsylvania in 186% at the advanced age of 88. The Society of Friends is about to invite tbt, religious bodies of the country to a conference itt London next month to consider the questions ot disarmament and arbitration. The Victoria" Government does not favour tilt, proposed introduction of Imperial peBajf postage, as it would entail upon the colony 82 estimated annual loss of £ 12,000. The Hon. Joseph Royal, ex-Lieu tenant-governo of the North-west Territory, has issued along pamphlet in Montreal urging the separation d Canada from the British Empire. Dr. Thresh reported to the Maldon Rurai Sanitary Authority that two children had OMt tracted diphtheria through nursing a stray oat which was infected with the disease. The Merthyr School, Board having affair expressed a wisfi tf)a(T ^elaln.-shou'^ fee imparl in some of the classes, the local teachers havi decided to bold a conference in ardor to discutt de^s. Literature may gain wh^ politios will loa* Jflp Mr J. A. Picton's contemplated retirement at the next general election from the representatio* of Leicester. That gentleman intends to deYOtt himself to his pen.
.A SATURDAY SERMON.
A SATURDAY SERMON. What can be more repulsive to the mercy, pit3k peace, and love of true womanhood than to _let part in the slaughter cf gentle and beautifal creatures, or to stand by as speotators and take pleasure in seeing other people slaughtering them? Yet in the society of many country houses the whole interest and occupation ot thl men is entirely concentrated in killing deer, ol game, or fish; they occupy themselves with, it all day, and talk about it all night; the women in the same society have not the omrage IIoneid the force of the stream of public opinion, M if were, on these subjects. A lady in such a hotm who dared to say she didn't care how many stag! had been shot, and would have preferred it it none had been shot at all, would have been looked upon not merely as eccentric but extremely dis. agreeable. She would have to endure a good deal of mild martyrdom. Accordingly we find in too many instances that the women yield thef womanly instinct of preservation to the madly instinet of destruction; they in parties M places where they can soe the deer drive, or th< partridges and pheasants shot. Most horrible e4 all, they go, or used to go, in troops, to Hnr! < ham to see tame pigeons shot as they were l*t oq| of a tra»- ICBS HKNBY Fawarm
Advertising
AM]31&R ALIE } PALE ALE, 1 BUYING vo. AGENTS Apply in ihNv CASK I TIMMS, am A*D Mt ——— BOTTL Iv amber ale STORES & OmCElS- N. iA, WESTGATE-STREET, X^v|>\ CARDIFF N. 15048 X r.
Advertising
OETZM ANN & cot 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, AND 9. HAMPSTEAD-ROAD (Xear Tottenham Court-road and Gower-streetStattOtf LONDON, W. for conditions upon whi-h goods are sent Carriagi Paid, please see II Dlustrated Guide to House Far nishing." Contents :-Complete estimates for FIR nishing at B120 and £250, with fall-page IHmttntMtM: Articles on Artistic Furnishing, reprinted front" tt Lady." Nearly 600 pages and over 2,000 illustrations with description and price of every item required ft Complete House Furnishing, Gratis and Post Free. All Carpets made up free of charge. 41(0
I WORKMEN'S TOPICS.
I WORKMEN'S TOPICS. BY MABON. HOURS OF LABOUR IN GERMANY. Underground Workmen. In Upper Silesia 10 per cent. of the under- ground workmen work eight hours per day; 33 Per cent., ten hours 57 per cent., twelve hours from bank to bank. In Lower Silesia 12 per tent, work eight hours 88 per cent., ten hours koai bank to bank. In Halle District (1) peat °oa!-mining ll^ ho from bank to bank is worked (2) Capnferous >te District, nine hours; (3) rock salt mining, M hours from bank to bank. -r In Klunsthue District Slate mines 10 hours 3 Chutes are worked from bank to bank. Bon District :-Eight hours at the fac. and six "♦ours in very hot plaoes. The hours ™ryinthis listrict from eight hours to eight hours and nine ibioutes at the face. The foregoing are the uormal working hours 1 Wily. The shortest working day is found to be in he districts that are paying the highest wages. Ind with very few exceptions, which are due to tnusual conditions of temperature, eight hours at ibe face represent the shortest duration of the ihifb in the coal mines of the Dortmund and ^aarsbrucken districts, and the miners have as yet failed to obtain the eight hours' day from >ank to bank, for which they struck m 18o9. before the strike, however, shifts ot 8 an J '•ours were to be met with even in the Dortmund f listriet. Both here and in Lower Silesia the -IlSpectors have issued a regulation prohibiting tiore than six hours' work where the temperature 'lJteeeda 29 oelsius (Fahr. 84-2). In the Saxon Amines the hours of a shift vary from eight to 12 in different mines, with longer or shorter m- krvafe but an eight hours' shift at the face, Eluding a half-hour's interval, is the most In metal mines the hours vary from six to 5 in peat mines they work 12 hours from bank bank. Overtime. Notwithstanding that an eight hours' shift at face is the most customary, and, in fact, may "bated as the normal number of hours contained 111 'he miners' shift in the German minas, in all ( mining districts thereof there is a large | of overtime worked. This is known J ^hnioaijy as extra shifts." Between October, 1888, and April, 1889, most of the miners in the Dortmund distriot worked from two to four shifts week, and in many weeks they worked six extra nhifts. The duration of this extra shift is, as a rule. from two to four; but in some cases it is prolonged to six, or even eight. In Up,?*\ ir*. jsss, £ CM* h„. ten reported to b.ve taken place in Upper Silesia. In one instance the hewers, I after working 12 hours, were compelled to con- tinue for seven more, and in another case the Sunday shifts, work was prolonged till 6 o'clock on Monday evening. This overtime, we are informed, is tar from being voluntary on the part of the workmen in any of the districts. The owners professed to be irnorant of this fact, and denied foat there WM any compulsion pat on the men to [ do this, but the commission, it seems, on the whole, were of the opinion that the 1, evidence tendered gave proof of pressure i being pub on unwilling miners in the fact that they were refused the right to ascend the pits without a written permission, and in other cases by the imposition of fines where they could do so. Further, the con- ditions under which these extra shifts are allowed by the mining regulations are often so vaguely expressed as to admit of a very wide interpreta- tion. They have in each and all of the districts ^«en made to cover not only oases of emergency t and accident, but also when there was a special I demand for coal. And in answef to this the Mineowners pub forward the plea that if they could not meet the extra demand for coal in the 'I winter by working these extra shifts, they would he compelled to employ extra men, who would be Without work in the summer, and whose want of i experience in the meantime would constitute a •pecific danger, or whose constant employment Would plaoe the majority of the miners and other colliery workers at half, and perhaps less than talf time in the summer. Lost Time. A large amount of time, it is stated, is losb by individual miners. It is customary there for a large number of men to miss a shift after Sundays (a kind of a Mabon's Monday every week), pay days, and holidays. Thus between January and April, 1889, no lees than 1,267 were lost in this way in a mine named Friedrich der Grossa, and the managers, finding that tbe infliction of fines failed to check [ the evil, offered a premium of 5a a month to any miners that worked all the shifts and earned over I 100 marks In another mine in the Dortmund district 2,400 shifts were lost in five months, [ Whilst In a Silesian mine 1,185 shifts were lost in i three months. Dangerous Mines. The Saxon mines, ib appears, are specially Serous, and accidents are very numerous 1but ^proportion of fatal accidents are said to In the Saerbrucken mines, also, accidents reported to be very frequent. Out ^•tubers of the Miners' Friendly Society ^strict, 3,578, or more than one in ten, were m- fared more 'or less severely during the year. freat deal of the work in those mines has, i appears, to be carried on in a rocuuibenfc posi tion, and it is said that this leads to a great » dumber of casualties. Housing of Miners. I With regard to the housing of miners an official Report states that the mineowners are growing ttiore solicitous for the welfare of their men and are therefore blooming more careful to see ^hat they have for them a supply of suitable houses. In the Saarbruoken district we are in- formed that a vary large number of the ^i&ers cwn their own houses; whilst in k H»e Hars and Halle districts there are a fair I tiumbor 0{ the men holding their own houses, | though the proportion is not so large as in the j* former district. Iii Westphalia the mineowners have provided a large number. Hours in Metal Works and Shipbuilding. The hours of labour in metal works and ship- building industries appear to vary between 10 and 12, but in the smaller shops this limit is often ixoeeded, In the Magdeburg district fifteen factories were said to work over 12 hours, sixteen over 11, and the rest frcm 10 to 11 hours. In the Dusseldorf district the fi ?urs are similar, but shifts in small workshops are said [.' to be, as a rule, 14 hours, with from 12 to 12% actual labour, and in some cases even 16 hours, with from 1* to 15 hours' labour. The work in large foundries is performed in the two shifts, changing, as a rule, every 12 hours. The employ- [ ment of boys in the metal industries is deprecated by the factory inspectora on the ground that ib *»akes too great a demand upon their strength, [ and that the conditions of temperature are such that they are nob calculated to withstand, l'he employment of woman seems to be on i the ,a «ome of the districts, in ,p,te of bhe dangerous nature thereof. In the Cassel district, 559 women and 136 girls, botwoen l4 and 16 years of age, wer- employed in 1891, a proportion of about one in nine as compared with the men and boys of that age. Accidonts ar* reported to be very numerous and severe, and the inspectors urge that the men should be very careful to wear clothing as little inflammable as possibK in vi*w of the large number of cases in Which their clothes have caught fire. Wages in Government establishments appear in c s the Berlin statistics to be lwon the average tbfcii **> other works,
CAERLEON AND ITS MUSEUM. ------------…
CAERLEON AND ITS MUSEUM. a-- Like the Corinium Museum at Cirencester, described some months ago, this Monmouthshire museum is exclusively antiquarian and essentially local Most of its contents were found at different times in and immediately around the I er OIl town, while a few relate to neighbouring villages, particularly Caerweni, about eight miles away. The residue came from more distant places, as London, York, Italy, and Egypt; these, however, are treated as an illustrative series, precisely as is a similar class ab Cirencester. For the above reason the collection cannot properly be studied apart from the locality, nor the locality from the collection-—the one illustrates the other. Both, therefore, will be treated as equally essen- tial to the present sketch. When first I saw this ancient place, nearly two years ago, I was keenly disappointed. One is apt to presume that past importance is always linked with present vestiges of that importance. Think of Rome: it brings to mind ruined temples and aqueducts, early Christian churches and medieval palaces. How fall of mementos of the past are York, 0 Chester, and Gloucester, But Caerloon, the capital of Britannia Secunda, the headquarters of one of the chief legions of the empire, an ancient archiepiscopal see and centre of learning, and the subject of many a mediaeval tradition and romance, surely of all places, should be venerable with visible antiquity? But no a passing stranger—even a lover of the past—might easily fail to discern in its narrow lanes, winding in a most un-Roman fashion, anything of more interest than is to be seen in most old-fashioned English village-towns. The huge mound or burrh of the castle, on which probably stood the prodigious high tower" of Gerald, the fine old, but overmuch-restored, per pendicular church, with remnants of an early Norman structure, and some excellent examples of Tudor domestic architecture, would un- doubtedly attract his attention but he would see in them only a proof of the post-Roman and mediaeval importance of Caerleon. Give him, however, but an inkling of the presence of Roman remains, and if his antiquarian percep. tion is worth anything at all, he will not fail to trace the parallelogram of the castra from exist- ing vestiges of the earth-mound and its masonry facing, nor to note the circular cavea of the amphitheatre, known popularly as King Arthur's Round Table. Were it not for the watchful interest of the Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association, these would probably now be the only visible remains of the Roman city. The numerous objects found year by year would either have received no notice or care at all, or, remaining in private hands, have gravitated to distant meseums. But during the past 40 or 50 years the little museum estab- lished here by this association has been a success- ful means of gathering together and preserving finds. And now its varied contents, coupled with the romains in situ and the numerous records of past discoveries and investigations, furnish a by no means despicable knowledge of this important military centre of Roman Britain. Historically, Roman Caerleon—Isca (the Latinized form of the river name, Usk) Silurum (to distinguish it from Damnonian), is little more than a blank. We may reasonably conclude that its importance to the Romans was an immediate consequence of the defeat of Caractacus, chief prince of Essvllwg, the land of the Silures. These hardy hillsmen, however, were never thoroughly subjugated, and their conquerors, like the Normans of a later age, erected a chain of strongholds to protect the fair low- lands of Gwent and Glamorgan from their attacks. These fortified stations were threaded by a great military road, the Via Juliana, stretching from Gloucester to St. David's Head and the chief of these stations was Caerleon, the City of Legions. For a long period-probably two centures—it was the headquarters of the Second Augustan Legion and thus it played a part in respect to South Wales comparable with that of Chester, the head- quarters of the Twentieth Legion, eo North Wales. Ib is equally reasonable to- believe—in fact, the existing vestiges clearly prove it—that as a legionary station it was a place of considerable splendour, however tr.iich we may feel inclined to discount Gerald's description. That we must take the words of this writer cum grano salis is proved by Henry of Huntingdon's statement of half a century earlier, which explicitly makes the walls so ruined as scarcely to be seen. This contradiction will make us cautious with the statements of another old literary worthy, Geoffrey of Monmouth, who would have us to believe that Caerleon was founded by none less than the mythic Belenus, the conqueror of many nations and counterpart of the classic Apollo, Erom the same and other sources we learn that it was one of the three greatest oities of Britain, the capital of Essyllwg, and the birthplace of King Lucius. We tread on firmer Ground in post-Roman times. This city was intimately connected with King Arthur, being the place where he is said to have been crowned and held his court. It is also the ecclesiastical mother of St. David's, whithor the see was removed in the eleventh century. Caerleon suffered much from the hands of the Saxons and the Danes, being several times burnt down to the ground it remained sufficiently im- portant in even late mediaeval times to be incor- porated. Its apparent destiny is to become an outlying suburb of the neighbouring progressive and rapidly-growing town of Newport, once the port of Caerleon. The museum, which is so intimately connected with this most interesting place, occupies a con- spicuous position near the church. It has the outward form of a miniature classic temple, with internal dimensions of about 40 by 20 feet. Four Greoian Doric columns support a plaiu pediment, and behind them is the doorway, the only aper- ture of the walls, the interior being lighted from the roof. It is not a cheerful structure. Ihese reproductions of classic art in dull grey stone and with our murky surroundings, are bnt parodies of the white marbles and the sunshine and pure blue skies of the Levant. The interior, however, has a good and even light, and thus so far is suitable for its pur- pose. The general construction distinctly recalls the atrium of a Roman house. The oblonc central skylight would be a complazium were it unglazed. The corresponding opening in the floor-lacks water to make it an impluvium: it admits an uneven light into a dismal basement or, nearer the truth, cellar. There is no popular guide to the collection, and apparently no attempt is made to enlist the in. terostof the "common people," Isounded several of the villagers as to their views on the museum. Let one suffice. She had once paid it a visit, butdid not know what to make of the things." "They might be," she assured me, "curiosities, but they ain't pretty The impression the interior gives rise to is that the collection was once cared for, but has since been left to look after itself. The objects, as a rule, are accompanied by descriptive labels, but they are in a faded and dirty condition. There is a perceptible dampness prevadingthe room, which must be harmful to the exhibits; and to accentuate the "down-grade appearance, the roof shows such ominous signs of collapse as to have recently necessitated a small forest of timbers to prop it up. In these respects this museum is a contrast to that of Cirencester, although so like it in others. Let it not be thought, however, that the scientific interests of the collection have been neglected. During the 46 years that the above association has been in existence it has published at irregular intervals various monographs and other works, and in these may be found described and illustra- ted nearly all the obiects in the museum. The larger portion by £ ar find a place in Isca Silumm, ^careful and exhaustive royal 6vo. catalogue, with 52 excellent lithographic plates. The author, the 1»te Mr John Edward Lee, F.S.A., a resident of was l?*g honorary secretary of the association, and one of its most active promoters. This book was published in 1862. and is to a great extent a second edition of Delineations of Soman Antiquities at Caerlton, a workout of print at that date. I0 1868 Mr Lee published a supplement, dealing with subsequent additions to the c0,lectl0" "othinS further has been done in this direction bub the few additions of late years have been noticed in ordinary publications of the association.-Mr JOHN WARD, F.S.A., M the Antiquary."
!n~the plural. !n~the plural.,
!n~the plural. !n~the plural. PROFESSOR "Ah, mees; You climb the BQOUU- tain. It was a great foot." Miss "You mean feat." PBOFBSSOB Ah! Zen you climb it more DD OIMW."
!WELSH GLEANINGS. I
WELSH GLEANINGS. I By Uwydfryn- Mr Gladstone's Resignation, The prevailing note in the Welsh Press is one of sadness, and almost of depression. Mr Glad- stone has been for so many years the pillar of the nation's hope, and the centre of the nation's love, that his retirement has created a gap that can never be filled. Time and again have the Welsh papers and the Welsh people displayed some impatience, but to-day they can remember with pride and thankfulness that they ever remained oyal and steadfast in the dark days of trial and doubt to the greatest English statesman of the century. Mr Gladstone's retirement has come at such a critical period in the history of the Liberal party and its relation to Wales that we have not as yet grasped the full meaning and fateful significance of the event. The succession of Lord Rosebery, the promotion of Mr T. E. Ellis to the position of Chief Whip, and speculation as to the future fate of Disestablishment have followed so close on the heels of Mr Gladstone's resignation, that there has been no time as yet to estimate its far-reaching importance. The Welsh papers are all without a single exception, unfeignedly sorry that Mr Gladstone should have been compelled, in the plenitude of his intellectual and physical vigour, to resign office. They dwell with loving pride on the length of his noble life, on the greatness of his achievements, on the purity and transparent honesty of his political career, on his intense and glowing sympathy with the weak and the oppressed, on the stateliness, dignity, and passion of his eloquence, and on his interest in Wales, her people, and her aspirations. The Tarian happily strikes the right chord. During a long life he has worn his armour; but to-day the old warrior has sheathed his sword, which will he drawn no more." When we look back," says the Herald, on the number and greatness of the labours which were completed by the old leader, it can be plainly seen that all of them were labours worthy of Hercules himself. He is revered not as a man who has always been successful, nor as a man who has always been in the right. He is revered rather as a man who has conquered his own prejudices, and who has devoted himself to follow the light, instead of shutting his eyes and remain- ing in the darkness." "It is no discredit to Welshmen," writes "D.S.D." in the Celt-one of the clearest-sighted observers in Wales-" that their loyalty to Mr Gladstone has been without a break. He and Mr Bright were the only characters truly worthy of our confidenca among English statesmen of the last generation. Glad- stone and Bright were the two idols of Welshmen in things political for a long period; and two characters truly excellent they were. We have no shame of them to-day we have no need to blush for them. And when the two were un. honoured by the Saxons they were magnified in Wales. This is a credit to our nation. For a long time Welsh patriots had no respect for the English nation except for the sake of Gladstone and Blight and those of their following who were most like them." Among Britaitvs political stars," says the Genedl, there is not one that burns more brightly than Gladstone's. There is no country under the sun than car. boast more truly of her statesmen than Britain, and it is not too much to say that genera- tions yet to come, on looking back over the history of our country, will give to William iiwart Gladstone an honourable place among those who fpught the battle of freedom and justice, and made it possible for the common people to enjoy their heritage we can afford to forget his, faults in the g!orious splendour of his virtues and his ability. Not even Britain h*jr. self, with the whole wealth of her genius, could produce more than one Gladstone." Seren Cymru, which has not always been slow in finding fault with Mr Gladstone's attitude towards VVelsh questions, thus speaks of him. He is, without doubt, at this moment the most powerful states- man that the world possesses—higher from his shoulders and upward; like Saul among his brethren, than any of his comrades, and neither his friends nor his opponents can point to any failure in his power and ability," He woll deserves a pleasant and cloudless evening," says the Baner "before he is taken to the country whose whole atmosphere and surroundings shall be everlnsting peace. And such an evening he will enjoy, we believe—and there are many thousands in Wales, we doubt not, who will join with us in wishing all this to him." Even the IAan, the Church organ, joins in the chorus of praise and sympathy, while the scholarly and cultured Cymro ends its first article in the follow- ing words of sad farewell With the blessings of the whole civilised human race retires one of the ablest and most illustrious statesmen that ever guided the destinies of the kingdom. May the shadows of the evening fall easily on his grey and honoured head; and may his successor receive a double potion of his genius and spirit." Lord Rosebery. Already may be noted signs of the change, which must inevitably follow Mr Gladstone's re- tirement, in the attitude of Wales towards the Liberal party. Never before has any English statesman received such absolute and unquostion ing obedience from the Welsh people and never probably will there rise again a statesman who will receive such whole-hearted and unreserved confidence. The Welsh papers are, on the whole, satisfied with Lord Rosebery's succession to the Premiership. They do not, however, disguise their opinion that the Prime Minister ought to have a seat in the Commons. Nothing seems to be known of Lord Rosebery's political creed, and their gratitude to the new Premier is frankly begotten of a sense of lavours to come. A go-td deal of sympathy is expressed with Mr Labou- chore, though it is felt that Lord Rosebery should not be disqualified from the Premiership on ac. count of the accident of birth, and that it would be unfair to condemn him without a trial. The attitude of the Welsh Press is therefore one of suspended judgment. Great confidence is felt that one who has done such good work in the London County Council, and in settling the in. dustrial dispute last year, and who, moreover, carries the recommendation of being Mr Glad- stone's nominee, will not prove unworthy of the confidence of the Liberal party. The Welsh Press is presupposed in his favour, but their support will depend on the nature of the new Premier's programme and the importance which he will attach to Welsh Disestablishment. Mr T. E. Ellis, M.P. Universal satisfaction is felt at the promotion, rapid though not undeserved, of Mr T. E. Ellis. The Herald and the Genedl went to press before the announcement of Mr Ellis's succession to the post of Chief Whip bad been made, so that thdy do wbt comment on the appointment. The same is the case with the Celt and Tarian. The Cymro gays: We do not think that very much hp- ot, portekiicB should be attached to his promotion as a fresh pledge on the part of the Liberal leaders as to Welsh Disestablishment. We know on what terms Mr Ellis took offioe previously; this influence within the Government, as has already been proved for that matter, will be ten times more than if he were outside." The Golcuad (a writer in which promises at a future date to give to the world some interesting letters written by Mr Ellis on the future of Wales when he was tutor to Mr J.^ Cory's sons) is of a like opinion as the Cymro. Wales," it says in con- clusion, "pins hex faith to him, and the promo- tion of this Joseph is an assurance that his nation shall nob long remain in captivity. We con- gratulate him heartilv on bis promotion," says the Bantr, and wish him a long life and greater success in the future." The Fyst believes that Mr Ellis will be in the best possible position to do valuable work for his country and the Lion, though ill dissenbs from his views, congratulates him. and predicts for him a brilliant futltre.-It may be mentioned, as an instance of Welsh canniness," that nearly every paper mentions the fact that Mr Ellis's promotion implies an addition of a thousand a year to his salary. M isoellaneous. The Bancr, Genedl, Celt, and Herald refer to the Pemnynydd Charities.- The Bancr continues its strictures on Mr Winke's appointment to the agricultural chair at Bangor.-The Cymro pub. lishes Pedrog's concluding article on "Williams, Pnhtycelyn.The Llan is mostly given over to purely Church matters.—The Tyst announces that Mr T. Williams, Gwaelodygarth, was ap. proached with the object of inducing him to oon- test the Merthyr Boroughs, but that be refused. -Several of the papers refec to the celebration of St, David's Day.
OLD GLAMORGAN FAMILIES. -,,-.
OLD GLAMORGAN FAMILIES. AWBREY, OF LLAN T RI r H YD. The third baronet, Sir John Awbrey, was of Llantritbyd, Borstal, and Brill, and was twice married (1) in 1678 to Margaret, dau. of Sir John Lowther. Ba.rt., of Lowther Hall, Westmoreland (who was raised to the peerage in 1696 as Viscount Lonsdale, and who was a prominent politician at that time, holding office as a Lord of the Admiralty 1689 96, Vice-Chamberlain of the King's Household 1689-90, a Lord of the Treasury 1690-1, and Lord Privy Seal 1699 1700), and (2) Mary, second dau. and co- heiress of William Lewis, of Van, Glamorgan- shire, Borstal, co. Oxford, and Brill, co. Bucks, and widow of William Jephson (M.P. East Grinstead 1679-81, and High Wycombe 1689-91, and Clerk of the Privy Council 1689-91.) Lady Mary Awbrey afterwards married (3) Sir Charles Kemeys, Bt., of Cefn Mably, and (4) William Awbrey, LL.B., of Brecon and Oxford, second cousin to Sir John Awbrey. Sir John was Sheriff of Glamorgan 1686, and was elected mem- ber for the borough of Brackley, in Northampton- shire, at the general election of 1698, and held the seat until his death, which was occasioned by a fall from his horse in 1700 at BorataL His only son, another Sir John Awbrey, succ, him in the title at the age of 20, and married three ttmes, his second wife being Frances, dau. of tb. above-named William Jephson, of Borstal. He had the honour of representing Cardiff in Parlia- ment Feb., 1706-10, and served as Sheriff of Glamorgan 1711. He died at Borstal 15th April, 1743. One of his daughters, Frances, married her cousin Denham Jephson, M.P. for Mallow, Co. Cork, and their son, Denham P. Jephson, was also M.P. Mallow for many yaars in the Irish Parliament. The fourth baronet was also Sir John Awbrey, and on his death unmarried at the age of 60 the title devolved in 1767 upon his brother Thomas. Sir Thomas Awbrey was born at Llftntrithyd in 1708, and was buried there Sept., 1786, having married Martha, eld. dau. of Richard Carter, of Chilton, Bucks, chief justice of the Brecon circuit 1721-55. His second son, Col. Thomas Awbrey, was a gallant soldier, who, according to Burke, served with great credit during the whole of the American War of Independence, and was afterwards app. Inspecting Officer of Volunteers. He succ. his eldest brother in the representation of Walling- ford (Berks), 1784, being at that time a Major in the 47th Regiment of Foot, and represented thab borough in one Parliament 1784-90, hia colleague being Sir Francis Sykes, Bt., and died in Jan., 1814. The third son, Richard Aubrey, of Ash Hall, married Frances, second dan. of the Hon. Wriothestey Digbv, t;L.D., of Meriden, and had a son, Thomas Digby Aubrey, who succ. as seventh Bart., and a dau., who married Wm. Ralph Cartwnght. of Aynhoe, M.P. Co. Northampton, 1797-1851, and South North. ampton 1832-46. Richard Aubrey served some time in the Royal Artillery, aud on retiring from the Armv was app. Lieut.-Col. of the Glamorgan Militia. He died at Taunton at the age of 63 in 1808. At the general election 1790, Col. Richard Aubrey seems to have taken a prominent part on behalf of Capt. Windsor, R.N., who unsuccessfully contested Glamorgan against Mr Thomas Wyudham, of Dunraven, and having, when driving through the constituency with Mr Peter Birt, of Wenvoe, been upset in his carriage, was held up to ridicule in the opposition election song, as follows :— Duke Beaufort they say Was forced to give way, And Sawney was Jost in toe wood Dick Aubrey and Birt Feli into tho dirt When Wyndham for liberty stood, My bravo boys, When Wyndham for liberty stood. Fur the remainder of this interesting song the reader is referred to the Cardiff Times oE 2nd Deo., 1893. Col. R. Aubrey was a J.P. and Deputy-Lieutenant for the county of Glamorgan, and in March, 1794, was appointed, together with John Price and Johft Richards, two other deputy-lieutenants, to be the commissioners for executing the office of his Majesty's lieutenancy for that county in consequbnou of the death of Lord Mountstuart, M P. for Cardiff, the eldest son of tbe Earl of Bute. This was a most rara and unusual occurreucf. and it exhibited the high standing and influence of Col. 'Aubrey in the county. The commission was determined by the appointment of the Earl of Bute ng Lord Lieutenant, December, 1794. The eldest son was Sir John Aubrey, sixth Bart. of LIantnthyd, who was born at Borstal, June, 1739, educated at Westminster School, and became a Gentleman Commoner of Christ Church, Oxford, where he was created D.C.L.,8th July, 1763, and afterwards, as was the custom for young gentlemen of fortune in those days, set out on his travels to make the grand tour of Europe. On his return from abroad, Mr Aubrey, who was twice married (1), to Mary (who diud 1781), eld. dau. and co-li. of Sir James Colebroolce, Knt. and Bt.,M.P. of Gatton, Murrey and (2) May, 1788, to Martha Catherine, dau. and co-h. of George Richard Carter, of Chilton, Bucks, son and heir of Judge Carter, entered Parliament for Wallmgford at the general election of 1768, and enjoyed the honour of a scat in the Houso of Commons during twelve successive Parliaments without intermission, during which timo he represented six boroughs and one county constituency, and covering such momentous periods as the American War of Independence, the French Revolution, the Irish Rebillion and the Union with Ireland, the Peninsular War and the Battle of Waterloo, the Bread Riots and tho Pekerloo Massacre. The voting for Wallingford in 1768 resulted as follows:—John Aubrey, 69 Robert Pigot, 67; Sir John Gibbons, Bart., 38. Gibbons had been the member 1751-8. Pigot was the brother of Geoige Lord Pigot, Governor of Madras, who was supposed to have been murdered in India, and whom ho succeeded as second baronet. He distinguished himself at tho Battle of Bunker's Hill, in America, and attained thfl rank of brigadier-general in the Army, and held the office of Warden of tho Mint, 1771-96. In 1774 Mr Aubrey successfully contested Aylesbury, the poll being declared, Anthony Bacon (M.P. 1768 84), 222; J. Aubiey, 215; John Durand (M.P. 1768-74), 197; Charles Lowndes, 196; and he was returned without opposition for Wallinzford at the next general election in 1780. In politics he generally voted with the Whigs, and his name is found in 1769 in the list cr those members who voted against the Government under ths Duke of Grafton, on the question of the expulsion from the House of the notorious John Wilkes. Ho afterwards became a follower of Mr Fox, but not approving of the coalition of that gentleman and Lord North in 1782, he joined tin party ot Lord Shelburne aud Mr Pitt, and held office as one of the Lords of the Admiralty, July, 1782, to April, 1783, and as one of the Lords Com- missioners of the Treasury, Deoember, 17839. This necessitated his twice vacating his seat for Wallingford, for which, however, he was re-elected without opposition, July. 1782, and December, 17E3, tund the fallowing year he fought one of the most celebrated contests for the county of Buckingham that ever took place, and which may well bj compared to such other great electoral contests as took place in Oxford- shire, 1754, Gloucestershire, 1776 and 1811, and Yorkshire in 1807, where tho struggle betwjfn two great families for political ascendency was fought with tho greatest energy at ruinous expense. Earl Verney, who represented Carmar- then, 1761—8, had boen member for Bucks from 1764 as a Whig, his collea £ u», in the Tory jutsrggtj from 1774 being one of the Grenyilles. In 1784 his todefcip afcod. agaati, .Was opposed by the Hon. William Wyndham Gton- ville (youngest son of the Right Hon. George Granville, Fiiipe Minister, 1762-3, #wl M'Othw tho first Marquis, And uiidrti bo' ''first Duke of Buckingham), and Mr Aubrey, who was described of Dorton House, Bucks. The contest was fought with the greatest obstinaoy, as may be judged from the fact that the poll was kept open 13 days, during which 3,548 electors were polled, and the result was deolared -Grenvillo T., 2,261; Aubrey T., 1,740; Verney W., 1,716. Earl Verney after- wards lepresented the county 1700 till his death the following year, while Mr Grenville was raised to the peerage as Lord Grenville, 1790, and succes- sively filled the important positions of Speaker of the House of Commons 1789, Secretary of State 1789-1801, and First Lord of the Treasury 1806-7. Mr Aubrey succ. his father in the baronetcy Sept., 1786, and, three years later, resigned his Treasury office and severed his connection with the Tory party on the vexed question of the Regency, where he found his opinions shared by his old friends the Whigs, with whom he after- wards voted. The following year he found a new seat atClitheroe, in Lancashire, and once more changed his seat at the next general election in 1796t when he was elected with Mr (afterwards the Right Hon.) Michael Angelo Taylor. He was re- elected for this constituency in 1802, 1805, and 1807, when he had for his colleague Mr (afterwards Sir) John McMahon, Storekeeper of the Ord. nance, 1806-7, and Private Secretary and Keeper of the Privy Purse to the Prince Regent, 1812-17, and who was created a baronet, 1817, but died the samvyear. In 1812 Sir John Aubrey again changed his connltuf.inoy, being at that date elected with Lieut.-C?l. (afterwards Sir) James Martin Lloyd, Of Lancing, Sussex, for bteyning, in Sussex, which borough was totally disfranchised by the Reform Act of 1832. Col. Lloyd was M.P., Steyning, 1796-1806. Feb., and Oct., 1806 18, and New Shoreham. 1818 26, was Clerk of the De. liveries in the Ordnance, 1806-7, and was created A baronet 1831. Sir John Aubrey was re-chosen for StBToin* in 1818. whea his oollMgue WM Mr George Philips, of Sedgley, Lancashire, who, strange to relate, was also created a baronet In 1828, and at the general election foHowing the death of George III. in 1820 he once more sought a fresh seat, although then nearly 80 years of age, and was elected for the borough of Horsham, in Sussex, together with Mr Robert Hurst, of Horsham Park. He represented this borongh until his death, which took place at the age of 86, at his residence, Dorton, Bucks, 1st March, 1826, and was buried at Borstal. Sir John Awbrey thus enjoyed a seat in Parliament for the lonf period of b8 years, from 1768 to 1826, and for several years before his death he bore the unique title of "Father of the House of Com- mons." In its obituaf-y for 1826 the "Gentle- man's Magazine said of him "In his attain- ment", Sir John was a good classical scholar, and a highly finished a.id polished gentleman of the old school; steady in his friendship", firm in his resolves, not easily influenced, and rarely diverted from his measures." On his death the title and estate devolved upon his nephew, Thomas Digby Awbrey, as seventh baronet. He was the only son of Col. Richard Awbrey, of Ash Hall, but does not seem to have taken any conspicuous part in politics. He graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, B.A. 1802, and M.A. 1309, married, 9th Dec., 1811, Mary, dau. of Thomas Wright, of London, and niece of Rev. Robert Verney, of Middle Clay ton House, Bucks served tha office of high sheriff of co. Bucks 1815, and w.ia lord ot the manor of Borstal and Brill. On his death Fl. p. the title, which had b"en in exisi^nce since 1660, became extinct, and the representation of the family became vested in his cousin, Elizabeth Sophia Awbrey, dau. of Col. Thomas Awbrey, who was the devisee of Dorton and the unen- tailed estates of the sixth baronet, with remainder to her heirs male." (Clark's Genealogies.) She married Capb. Charles Ricketts, R.N., and had Charles Awbrey Ricketts and other ohildren. In conclusion, it may be stated that one branch of the Aubrey family settled in Herefordshire, of which was Herbert Aubrey of Clehonger, who received an appointment 1664 and was M.P. for Hereford 1681 and 1685-7.
FISH AND FISHING. .
FISH AND FISHING. III. TROUT AND TROUT FISHING. By Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart, M.P. Fly-fishing for trout, as practised in clear Eng. lish chalk streams, differs from the art followed in north country waters as widely as hunting the wild red deer on Exmoor does from the chase of the same animal turned out of a cart before the Queen's staghounde. The latter may seem a sorry imitation of wild sport to one who has never tried to keep a good place with hounds running fast over a stimy enclosed country, and on the other hand the horseman trained in the shires will find to his surprise that it takes all the endurance and knowledge he can command to live through a bill run in the course of which he may not have to jump a single fence. Even so the English dry-fly angler will discover that no mean degree of skill is called for to fill a basket from a Scottish stream except when the water is flushed with rain. It is true that when that is the case—when the oozing htHsides distil into the river a copious tribute of amber-co1 oured fluid, and every fish is astir and looking out for floating food, the fly-fisher's art is comparatively simple. But to take trout from the same stream running, as is sometimes the case, for weeks together, at ordinary summer level, is a task beyond the power of any tyro. A generation has passed away sinoe the publica- tion of Stewart's Practical Angler. That modest little volume was the herald of reform in theentire system of the northern fly-fisher, and, like most reformers, Mr Stewart had to encounter much opposition and unfriendly criticism. But his doc- trine, being founded on common sense and right observation, uloimately prevailed, and now no angler with the slightest pretension to accomplish- ment pursues any othor. The Practical Angler appeared just at the time when trout fishing was becoming a popular sport; when the multiplica- tion of fishers was beginning to change Scottish trout from simple, voracious creatures mto wary and suspicious ones. Up to that time few people ever thought of wasting time on the water except when it was in order "—that is, CLEARING AFTER A FLOOD or of fishing it except in the simplest way—-that is, throwing the line down stream. Stewart was the fir:I to explain the theory of up-stream fishing. Inasmuch as trout lie with their heads up stream, a much nearer approach can be made to them by the angler who advances behind them, and is thereby enabled to use a shorter line, and is in a better position to strike surely on the rise, besides which the chances are greater of hooking a fish which rises to meet a fly floating down stream than one which follows a fly dragged noross and up. In the first position the strike drives the hook against the head and mouth of the fish, in the second it pulls it away from his jaws. But the chief advan- tage claimed by Stewart for up-stream fishing is that it ensures sport in such conditions ot water as mako downstream fishing the most futile of occupations. In low water under a bright sky, an angler beginning at the head of a stream, even if he manages by contortion and artifice to keep himself out of view, scares every fish within reach of his line by the first wave of his rod. The sur- face of the water betrays by its commotion the flight of terrified trout to places of security, and the flies might as well be cast in the highroad, unless the stream happens to be very rough and broken by rocks. Moreover, the strain on the tackle in striking a fish hooked down stream is increased by the furce of the stream added to the weight of the fish, which makes it impossible to use the finest gut with safety—a consideration of first importance in low water fishing. In UPSTREAM FISHING the conditions are all in favour of the angler, who must, however, bo able to cast wrth greater accuracy than is required in the old method, and possess ir.ore maaterlycontroJ of his rod. It is surprising how tieit ofte may stand behind ff. fish without being detected, especially if, as is often the case in Highland glens, the angler stands on a level two or three feet below that of the pool he wants to fish. And when a trout is hooked in this position, the weight of the stream is iu favour of the fisher, who can generally pull his trout downstream and so avoid disturbing fresh water higher up. All this is now part ofthe A.B.C. of anyone claiiniog to be an adept on north country waters, but it is, perhaps, not generally known, or has been forgotten, how lately this development of the science took place. Another point on which Stewart's teaching was thoroughly sound was that of the advantage or demerit of variety in avl.ficial flies. He threw ridicule on the hives of various oolourod and fashioned imitations with which many anglers lovo to encumber themselves. The longer one has experience of northern trout (and this applies to all trout streams north of Derbyshire) the l^ss will he be inclined to lend credence to the mar- vellous and fastidious preference supposed to be shown by them for one fly over another at differ- ent seasons. For my own part I should be quite content to limit myself to the use of half-a-dozen patterns in different size*, whether for lakes or streams—namely, of winged flies, the red spinner, tho March brown, and the Francis ny and of spiders, the red, the black, and the coch-y bondhu hackles, the last named being the red liacklo with a black list down the centre. Were I allowed to add a couple to tbe list, they should be THE WICKHAM FANCY AND ALEXANDRA, for the gold body of the former and the silver body of the latter possess a glitter which has proved irresistible to many a plucky fish. The glitter of tinsel apart, it is extremely doubtful whether the nicety with which the hues of fur, silk, and feather are chosen, blended, and con- trasted in the construction of artificial flies is not so much labour wasted, whether the object of pursuit be trout or salmon. The organ of colour perception, which is well understood in the human eye, has not yet been recognised in the eyes of fish. Although trout possess sight of extraordinary keenness, it is extremely doubtful whether they can distinguish more than light and shade, besides which, it should be remembered, the angler's flies are presented in the position leas) favourable to the detection of colour—be- tween the eye of the fish ani the light, with the bright sky as background. Be this as it may, no one whose lines are cast in northern streams need worry himself because he has not the exact pattern to suit his own fancy he will probably find the trout not nearly as difficult to please as himself. The conditions of angling for trout in the chalk streams of the southern English counties are very different from those in the northern part of the kingdom, and it is in these that the art of fly- fishing has been brought to its highest perfection. These streams, fed from springs deeply buried in the chalk hills, never dwindle into the ridiculous proportions assumed by northern streams in a dry summer. The angler on most of them may reckon on a sufficient body of water at all times. But that advantage is counterbalanced by the much greater wariness of the trout, which, more- over, owing to the profusion of bottom feeding, are much less often disposed to take the 8y than the hungrier northern fish. Henie the method of angling is totally different in the two countries. No fisherman in the Test or Itchen dreams of casting his fly till he has marked a rising trout, and then it is cast up stream so as to floab on the water instead of being pulled through if. It REQUIRES UNERRING ACCURACY "W'FCLM and considerable delicacy of touch to do this successfully, but once the knack is acquired, even the shyest fish seldom fails to give a ehanoe if We is well on the feed. But bo ensure* succeed there must not be the slighbesb motion given to tbe fly after it has touched the water beyond what it receives from the current, otherwise the trout, educated more completely up to date than aT most any other wild animal, is sure to take alarm. He will not display this by rushing off in a violent, vulgar hurry be will simply lie still and allow the lure to Qoat over him time after time, without apparently taking the slightest notice of it. When, howov.ir, he is effectually deceived, be sails up to the surface, and making an incredibly small dimple for such a targe fish, sucks in the floating fly, and a smart wrist movement sends the steel home. The first half- minute. intensely testing the angler's nerv.1, generally d-xsides the episod.. for it is the habit of these heavy trout, as soon as hooked, to make a dart with lightning speed for the fastnesses of the neighbouring weeds. Not seldom the rush is made down stream, straichb towards the fisher- man, who has to shorten line as best he can but I' if this initial dash is successfully met, the rest is comparatively plain sailing, and tbe heavier the fish the less t>n>barassing his subsequent tactics are likely bo be. Of two fish landed successively by me in May, 1893. in the Test, the first, weigh. ing 21/4lhs., gave infinitely more trouble to land than tho second, a splendid felluw of 61bs. It is pot often that such large fish as this take the fly, but chances occur when, excited by the rise of thJ may-fly, they do takè. to surfaooffed- ing and on such occusions, if the weather is very bright, when a real big one is marked on the rise, it is prudent not to put a full-sized" drake over him, but to try him first with a smaller pattern, such as the alder.
WORK.
Andrew Fletcher, of Saltoun, m a. letter to the Marquis cf Montrose, wr»tc I kn«-w a very wise man that believed that if a man were permitted to itiaks all the ballads he need net care who should make the law-i of the nation." WORK. Work, for the night is coming, Work through the morning hours, Work while the dew is sparkling, Work 'mid springing flowers Work when the day grows brighter, Work in the glowing sun Work, for the night is coming, When man's work is done. Work, for the nighs is coming, Work through the sunny noon Fill brightest hours with labour- Rest COIDhS sure and soon Give every flying minute Sometb ing to keep in store Work, for the night is coming, When man works no more. Work, for the night is coming, Under the sunset skies, See. rosy tints are glowing, Work, for daylight flies; Work till the last beam fatdeth- Fadeth to shine no more; Work while the night is darkening, When man's work is o'er. A. L. WALKER.
LOOK UP.
LOOK UP. "Mother," exclaimed some tiny owls while in their nest reposing, "The moon is drowned, the lovely moon that smiled when we were dozing, The graceful moon that streamed in love and lighted with its glory, Alas is drowned oh, mother, dear, it is a woful story. We know the sad account is true; the news we did not borrow, But gazed ourselves into the lake, and there be. held with sorrow Our silvery friend so dear to us, there in the silence lying, We sobbed aloud, but ah, alack! unheeded was our sighing." Listen to me, my children dear," their mother answered kindly, Too often do we rashly speak, and know not that 'tis blindly; The moon is living yet. and you a great mistake are making. Look up, not down, and then your hearts will not to-night be aching. "Tbe moon above your heads to-night is gloriously streaming. If you but cast your eyes on high you will behold it beaming; But whil" your glance so mournfully all earth- ward is directed, The moon appears but in the lake; 'tis what must be expected." What pain, what grief we all might save, what endloss agitation, If we would give this sage advice our true con- sideration And when dark troubles thick and fesb on our oxistence frown, With trusting heart and simple faith look up instead of dovm. "Sunshine."
The Household. .
The Household. Health of the Eye. Dr F. C. Heath says :-Rest should be con. sidered as one of the most important factors in treating diseased or strained eyes-rest of eyes, body and mind. Avoidance of wind, dust or smoke, or protection from their evil effects, must not be neglected. Personal habits enter into the question of the causation of eye disease, and their regulation becomes, therefore, a part of the pre- ventative or hygienic treatment. Diet is im- portant, chiefly through its effects upon the general health, which frequently have much to do with the condition of the eye. A few words as to abuse of eyes may not be amiss. The first offencein this line isreading with poor light—requiring the ciliary muscle to do extra work to sharpen the vision. This applies to dim light, twilight, sitting too far from the ligbt, eto. The second offence is error of pottute-stooping or lying down congests the eye, besides requiring un- natural work of the eye muscles. Reading in trains is our third offence, the motion oausing such frequunt changes of focus and position as to tax the muscle of accommodation as well as the muscles of fixation, so to speak. Reading with- out needed glasses or with badly fitting ones is our last, but not least, offence. Aside from the various well known reflex effects of eye-strain, the danger to the eye itself is not to be slighted. Eye strain is certainly a factor in producing disease of almost every part of the eye. Old age is the time of retribution for eye sinners. Making Peuliices. Linseed poultices are frequently required in the family circle, but very few people really know how to proceed with the operation. The real thing is very different from the heavy mass that generally passes under that name. Make the basin thoroughly hot. Pour into it sufficient boiling water for the purpose. With the left hand take a handful of meal, shaking it gradually into the water, and stirring briskly with a knife meanwhile. Add more meal until the poultice is thick enough and not heavy. Take it out and spread it on to muslin, cover it over, and turn in the edges. Apply immediately. If the poultice is not made in the patient's room it should be carried thither between two very hot plates.- Farm and Home. Drugs to Procure Sleep. No words are strong enough to point out the danger of slow poisoning by drugs which are often taken to procure sleep, whether it be an alcoholic nightcap, morphine, opium, chloral, or any other. The medical man has recourse with reluctance to these as a last and temporary resort, and only he can tell how many lives are wrecked by the ill- timed use of them, and their subsequent abuse. And of all horrible dreams, none are so awful as those which assail people who habitually use these false com for tors. i?«tter than all the drugs in the world for procuring sleep are simple food, a regular life, and a calm mind. Hints. BRAIN CUTLETS.—Soak in tepid aalb water, skin and wash. Boil in hot water ten minutes. Throw in cold water. Diain. When cold. mould into cutlets, dip in egg and cracker, and fry in deep lard. Servo with tomato or mushroom sauce. CAULIFLOWKR SOUP.—Trim the green leaves off two small cauliflowers, and lay the flowers in water, to remove the gric and insects then put them in slightly salted boiling water, and cook until tendur when done, drain them. Cut one onion into thin slices, and two ounces of lean bacon into dice place them in a stew-pan and let fry gently ten minutes add some seasoning, and the cauliflower chopped fine; mix well to- gether and let simmer five minutes, and then add a pint and a half of stock broth, the same quantity of milk, a little grated nutmeg, and a little roux, let simmer gently for half an hour, then pass it through a fine sieve, boil it up again take off any scum that rises, and servo boiling hot, with croutons of fried bread. MARROW TOAST.—Take a large shin bone and split it, taking out the marrow in one piece. Cut the marrow into slices nearly an inch thiok, and set aside. Mix in a hob dish a teaspoontul of chopped parsley, the same of lemon-juice, half a teaspoouful of salt, a grain of cayenne, and several drops of onion-juice. Have in the oven some squares of toast, crisp and browned evdhly. B'oft'tbe'trtArtö.'qtticlrl"fOr a raiarfte and a half in a quart of salted water. Drain thoroughly when done, and mix it with the, seasoning in a hot dish. Spread on tha toast and servo. Toast, marrow, and seasoning must be hot when Mpt to table, and eaten before cooling.. » DERWENTWATER CAKHB. -Rub half a pound of fresh butter into one pound of flour put in half a pound of washed and dried currants, and half a pound castor sugar beat the yolks of four egis and whisk the whites to a froth. Mix them with tho flour to make a stiff paste. Roll out to quarter-inch thick, cut in small rounds, and bake on a greased baking sheet in a slow oven for about twenty minutes.
, Welsh Tit-Bits. .---
Welsh Tit-Bits. Neu Wreiohion Oddiaryr Eingion. [BY OADBAWD ] The History of Lisworney, The Surges. -Sloping pleasantly to the south of the camp on Mynydd Bychan are certain broad pasture fields-known as the Surges." There is nothing here to attract the careless or even the careful observer at a first glance; but examination will show that over these fields are scattered the traces of the foundation of houses and en- closures, so close and numerous that the spot may well have been the site of an ancient town. Fifty years Ttgo the debris of rumed houses were to be seen there, and in one place a stone staircase might be traced, and in another something which people took for a cellar or other underground room. These evidences of former hahitancy have been cleared away, but en ugh still remains to be seen in proof that civilised men once dwelt here in some number. Imaginative people have declared in timids gone by that the outlines of the foundation of a church or churobes were plainly shadowed by the sun when the long grass waved over the spot in summer. And this brings one to the name by which these fields are called, that is, The Surges." It is believed that seven churches onc. stood here, and that the term surges is an abbreviation of the two words seven churchss. The theory is not at all improbable. The parly Christians delighted in mystical numbers, and it was least common to have seven altars in one church, There is more than one sacred spot in Ireland to which at the present time pilgrimages are made, and seven very old. small, and rudely-built churches stand. Pilgrims fall down on their knees at a certain point in their pilgrimage where these churches break on the sight, and upon their knees they crawl for the remainder of the pilgrimage, and until they have said the last prayers of the function in the seventh church. In Ireland, where this interesting relic of antiquity may still be seen, and entire and in use as one of the aids to national piety, these seven churches stand close together within the radius of 100 yards. They may have stood here, and the spot may have been a sacred one whither, a thousand years ago, many pilgrims resorted. Tradition says there were seven churches all Llantwit — the mystical number again—and which gives colour to the idea that the same number may have existed here. It was in honour of the seven churches in Asia the Ritualists have now their seven lamps kept burning night and day in our churches before the altar. A very eminent antiquary, Mr Markham, who, by his marriage with the Carne heiress, became Lord of the Manor, favoured these ideas concerning the seven churches, and delighted with speculations of this kind to delight his friends. At all events, it has this basis of fact to stand upon, thai here on this sloping ground are the traces of what is believed to be a British town, and then there is the derivation of the name to be, if possible, explained. Then it must be remembered that there is the Roman Camp close at hand. The site of that may have been fixed because of its close proximity to a town, or the town may have sprung up under the protection of the camp. But the greatest antiquity all Lisworney is beyond all question The Well," for it was the fine perennial flow of water which it yielded that tempted the first Briton to pitch his tent, or erect his wattled hut beside it. Four walls now enclose it from the pollution of cattle, and within the enclosure grow some four or five small trees. Two stiles give access to the well, and beneath the shade of these trees the village gossip of two thousand years has gone on day by day without break or hindrance. The affairs of Roman, Briton, Suon, Dane, Norman have all been discussed at this charmed" trysting place, together with more or less weighty personal matters, as well as scandal pure and simple, by generations of people seemingly as unbroken as the outflow of the well itself. How many friendships have been formed here ? How many hatreds sprung up ? How many secrets whispered under strictest seal of fidelity ? How many glaring vices and evil deeds openly pro- claimed ? In fact, the well at Lisworney was where the village cronies arranged a set time at which to bring their pitchers and to have a sweet solace of gossip together. Here those who had been the victims of malicious tongues could have it out with the scandaliser, for as all Lisworney drew its water from the well, who at some time or other of the day could help but go there ? In dry summers the well is a great blessing to the surrounding villages, far and near, for when other wells have long beeu exhausted, Lisworney still flows on unchecked. One particularly dry summer in the twenties of this century carts from distant village!? were at the well in one continuous string day and night to secure the precious boon for the thirsting people. And that the well enjoyed its fame in olden time may be gathered from its having been made the scene of a pre- dicted event of a very important nature, spoken of in a very ancient prophecy, the fulfilment of which, it is believed, has yet to be counted :— Pan delo'r Frau i'r oanol, ac yna llidia'r ci Y goreu o ferchogion, fo dorir penau tri Wrtk ffynon lAysyfronydd, ar forau Uariaidd lion Medd ilyfr y Daroganau, mae'r warrant ger ein bron." In what sense this prophecy of Twm Ifan Prys is to bo taken we know not, but, depend upon it, that, metapborictilly speaking, not three, but three hundred heads-aye, and many more—have been cut off (by the tongue of scandal) wrth ffynon Llysyfronydd, ar foreuau llarvaidd lion." The Book of Baglan. OOLBRCCK (continued). The said Sir Wm. Herbert, of Colbrock, ma. Jane, da. to Sir Wm. Gruffitb, of North Wales, K., and had issue Rees Herbert, of Abergeveney, Esq.; Jane ma. Sir Wm. Thomas, K., a descent of Llewelyn Voethus, a da. ma. to Thos. y I Gwyryd. Maud ma. t<> Howell ab Madock, of Powis Margaret ma. to Sir George Ma^hnwe, K. a dau. married to Phc. Thomas ab Gwatcin, ol I Pontrilas Eliza ms. to Robt. Walbyss a base; da. ma. to Meill Hunt; a baso da. ma. to Richard William, of Parclettice; also he had I Wm. Herbert, of Abergeveney, a baa" s:n6o and other base sones. The said Rees Herbert ma. Eliza, da. to Sir Weston Browne, K., and had issue, Wm. Herbert, of Colbrock, Esq. Also bee had issue bye Eliza, da. to Walter Herbert—Rees Herbert; Jonost, ma. to Thos. Pricherd Powell, Y ohan; Margaret ma. to Thos. Morgan, of 1.lantilio Pertboley; Luce ma. Wfttkin ab Hughes, now of Abergeuney. Also had another da. bye — named Luce, who ma. Harrie Watkin GlIne, heire of Llanthewye Retherch. The said Wm. Herbert, of Colbrock, Esq., ma. Denis, da. to Edmund Agamondsham, and had bye her Matbewe Herbert, of Cblbrock, Esq., and he married Jane, the da. of John Thomas ab John, widow to James ab Gwatkin, of Llan. thewye Retherch, Esq., and hye her had issue Charles Herbert, of Had nook, Esq., and divers sones, who died without lawful issue. Ehzabeth, Herbert ma. to David Pricherd Phillip William, of Llanarth Jane ma. to Win. John Meredith, of Abergeveney; Doritie ma. to Thos. J ones, of ye Priryo of Usk. The said Mathewe Herbert, of Colbrock, ma. Anne, da. to Math-rwe Herbert, of Cogan Pill, Esq., and had issue Wm. Herbert, of Colbrock. Cicill Herbert, ma. Wm, Lewis, of Abergeveney, Esq. Marie Herbert ma. Thos. Powell, of Usk Elizabeth Herbert, ma. Wm. William Price, of Llanvoist, Esqr. Margaret Herbert, spinster, 1606. Margaret Herbert, spinster, 1606. The said Wm. Herbert, sone and heire to Mathewe Herbert, ma. Catherine, da. to Thos. Morgan, of Machen and Tredegar, E"q" and had issue Wm. Herbert, Charles Herbert, Catherine Herbert, Cicill Herbert, Siraphanissa Herbert, and divers others, 1606. LLANARTH. David John ab Jenkin ab Dafydd ab Jevan ab Mortck ma. Margaret, da. to James Lewis Phillip Thomas ab Gwillym, of Abergeveney, RJq.,
[No title]
CONUNDRUMS.—How should weeping willows ba planted?—In tiers. Why is a proud girl like a music box !—She is full of airs. Why is a fierce thunderstorm like an onion?—Became it is peal on peal. Why is lovo like a Scotch plaid ?— Because it is all stuff and often crossed. W hen a hvdy faints what figure should you bring her ? — You must bring her two. What three letters give tbe name of a famous Roman general?—C. P. O. (Scipio). Why doea -an old maid never play the violin ?—She doesn't know how to catch the bow (beaoJ.