The Cardiff Times

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WORKMEN'S TOPICS. (BY MABON, M.P.) LABOUR IN FRANCE. The law of May, 1874, regulated the labour of women and children until November, 1892. Although it is thus superseded in many ways by i law considered to be "more in harmony with Vno legitimate aspirations of working women, U) it has still been sufficiently recently in opera- iion to lend interest to estimates of the changes !fft:'Cted by it. The text of the law, and a very ^ceilfent commentary thereon, together with its Sur>]>ienieiitary decrees, circulars, aiu ju .cia decision?, will be found in an authoritative text ^•K)k by M. Bouquet, Secretary to the Higher 'Commission of Labour. Until the passing of this law it appears that no distinction was made between men and fc'omen, but from May 19th, 1374, whi any adult male after the age of 16 mignt *gage in labour in «, manufactures and ';orks by day or by night," women were forbidden 'o woilc at night in manufactures am wor »n Sundays or legal holidays (day or m 'hey had reached the age of 21 were forbidden to work under any c it any age in mines, open or underground and iuarries. While this statute protectee íome ways, it left them enfcirejy uiii)rote-eted in others. IQQC\ A Parliamentary Commission sat in Squired into the labour of women an » lOefore which evidence was tendered s lowing that women were employed for unlimited hours in loops and workrooms. Sempstresses in general ,1 ivere omitted from the provisions of this aw. Night work by women was common a" i permanent nature up to the time of P1'01?"' tile f'aftbelaw of November 2nd, 1892, in two factories in the north of France and one o | .ather parts. In some spinneries w er J jlhift was carried on by men the nig If taken by their wives, so that some of f&ay may be selected during whicn ttf MI family could attend to the horn yeSp5;.s to th. region of •Vere to be found in the same way m *874; for while it forbade the employ* .fehildren under 10 years in factories)> ibines, or yards, it gave full liberty to P aftd jSUspose of their children's labour a 'i. as did nob interfere with their empoy Messengers or in stores, shops, or various branches KgXtrthTr'coJlt^thSchine^ and harm- jptour of i. now in *;oung girls»m m effecta m various ways I0106* and, strange to say, the introduc- ltre a^j reaj improvements in the labour condi ^ons of even those who, from sex and age, are not fibla to defend themselves, are objected to in France in very much tlie same way as they were herein Great Britain. The application of this law )as caused a number of the most unreasonable t itrikes. Evidently its affects some trades more jhan others, especially the spinning and throwing trades. For it does nob allow any child under 16 rs of age of either sex to work more than 10 Honrs a day; from 16 to 18 years, 11 hours; tod the maximum for the week is iO hours. Over 18 years of age women rJay work 11 hours a day. It seems probable that hours a week will become a ruW. In certain teason trades leave will be given to exceed these regulations, with a maximum of 12 hours a day luring 60 days in the year. law is in n ne Actions :— „ 1. Dealing with age of admission to factories, md length of the day's work. 2. Dealing with night work and the weekly Jay of rest. 3. Regulating underground labour. 4. Providing for supervision and care of Children employed in industries. 5. Regulation, sanitation, protection of Machinery, and providing for notification of ccidents. [ 6. Extending the service of inspection provided br under earlier laws. nf 7. Defining the constitution and functions of the higher commission of labour and of depart. 1 Rental employers' committees. 8. Providing for fines and the application 0 Article 463 of the Penal Code. 9. Specially providing for the issue of adminis. trative orders, after consultation with the higher commission and the consulting committee of arts "nd manufactures, and other matters connected *ith application of the law. This law applies to the work of children, young girls, and women in works factories, ttnnes, and allied industrial works, quarries, f yards, workshops of every kind, publto ana P No child under 13 years of age is adm!tte^ [ any of the above industrial undertakings unless he or she has completed the 12th year, and is sup- t. *3 with certificates (1) of primary studies, (2) ot Physical fitness. No child under 18 and n<> ™^oved ^ung giris of any ,be ,u the above specified industries at nifeht, between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. er, for b 10118 ^o this rule are to be provi a<^mit. ^rative orderssimilarly the pro* a week holiday and the jours ae fetes m y jn application. n<k. I By Arlcie 8 only tho Prefects of the Depart- I rr-ents, or m Paris the Minister of Public Ins r I l'°n, may give permission for the employmen o [ children under 13 in public performance* at theatres or cafe concerts. The prohibiti, The prohibition of the employment of women and girls underground in mine3 or quarries, to be found in Article 7 of the law of 1874, is repeated u t)»e present law. The of boy labour in mmes is raised from 12 tol5 SpeciAl regulations have been added to the law in reprnrd to (1) em- P °yment boy laoour in llline¥> (2) eroployment of women and children in ce £ .t;lln industries It seems very probable that this law regulating s women's labour may acb m effeofc M a Jaw reKUiat- i»g men's labour. When the women leave the factories at the end of the eleven hours it will be f impossible to continue the work of the ,nen ,n the majority of cases. The following regulations have been issued from a group of manufacturers in Lisle ;—1. The actual nouns of work arq reduo^d to eleven. 2. From the moment Whèn i;th-tt machinery begins to work the men and women should be at work in their respective places, from which they should not move until the machinery stops. 3. Every worker who conforms entirely to the foregoing regulations, and who has not missed work during a fortnight, will receive the same daily wage as for twelve hours. To the above-mentioned laws must be added the one passed in June last, which regulates matters affecting the health and safety of workers m faotories and workshops. Provision is also made lor coinpulaory notification of all accidents to workers in the establishment included under the Jaw. Respecting the special regulations in regard to the employment of boy labour in mines, it been decided that the length of the actual labour i ef boys under 16 in the underground galleries of mines and quarries may not exceed eight hours in the 24. The length of actual labour for young workmen of 16 to 18 may not exceed 10 hours a day, or 54 hours a week. These hours not to iuchidethe ascent or descent, nor the time spent m KOing to and from the yards, nor the rests, which are not to be less than one hour* 11 is a!so Provided that these young [ workmen may be employed m sorting the minerals, in pushing and rolling trucks, in work- ing fcates and ventilators, and iu accessory work not exceeding their ztrcwjth. They are not to be employed in working the ventilators for more than half a day, with periods of rests intervening ? Jjpinutiting to at least half an hour. Young workmen of 16 to 18 are not to be employed at miners' work, except as helps /0r tice« and for not more than five hours a appreu i • Qlid v/nat is mentioned in the °ay' Ainrr naragraph is forbidden for boys and young workmen underground. „ „ y Notwithstanding that it is generally understood that the Jaws regulating underground labour are • Wnffland to what they are in France' and though, generally speaking, that is true' yet' as IS evloent from the few rules that we have quoted iOove, there are some rules respecting the labour of young persons in the l'rench code that would be J most valuable addition to our En^hsh code In Fiance young persons up to 18 years of age enioy the protection of the law; whereas 10 Treat Britain they lose that special protection at 16."they have sils0 a special limit given to the I they have to remain in the p.t*, while here, 'i„ a child 416 y^rs Placed>in th,ii respect, « l'ovol with adults Without any time limit whatever Yet people will say that we have already had too much law with regard to labour underground in this country. We disagree with them ■——.

Songs for the People. • Fletcher, i-t Saltan, m a letter t« (lie Anaie" ^jon;r0SCl wrote I know a very wis<s >iarqu;s ot fnab if a man wero pei-mitted t>i >iarqu;s ot fnab if a man wero pei-mitted t,) m1}1 th^f ballads he n«ed not care who should £ £ t £ lftws £ thenaUen.»_

THE TURN OF THE TIDE. Th9 tide is on the turn the uncertain sea, With heavy swell, is swaying listlessly The wandering waves, with soft and gentle plash, Scarce dare to break the stillness, a:id the wash Back from the shelving shore with dreamy rush Of pebbles, dying to a. dreamy hush. Seems as the faintest echo of the roar Of beating surf. that crashed upon the shore But three brief hours ago. With weird, wild cry The o-u'ls sweep circling through the troubled sky; All else seems "eld in mystic silence still, As the power of an enchanter's will. But, To from where the craggy forelands bound The limits of the bay, a rushing sound Is sudden borne upon the breeze, and wakes The seA from slumber, and, like magic, breaks Tho spell that holds the waves. Each billow'a crest Is filled with life, and strives above the rest To rear his frothy top then rushes on, In foaming hisfce, until the shore is won To waste its fury 'gainst some sea-worn rock That countless ages has withstood the shock Of rushing waves, and hurled them back ngain To meet the inflowing current of the main. R. F. S.

Parliamentary History of Radnorshire. [BY MR WILLIAIIS, SOLICITOR, TALYBONT.] 1698.—Thomas Harley, of Stepleton Castle and Kinsham, Herefordshire. This gentleman, who played a prominent part in politics towards the latter part of the reign of Quean Anne, was the son of Thomas Harley, of Kinsham, Hereford- shire, and, therefore, cousin to Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, the celebrated Lurd Treasurer (see Radnor, 1690). He sat for this county 1698- 1715, when he was a defeated candidate, and held the office of Joint Secretary of the Treasury Aug. 1710-14, Oct., and being a man of considerable talent, was also" sent as envoy on a special mis. sion to the States-General of Holland (then a post of very great importance) Feb., 1712-14, and was made envoy to Holland 1714. On tho accession of George I., however, in that year, the Whigs made a complete sweep of the public offices, and Mr Harley shared tho downfall of his cousin, the Treasurer, and so far did political rancour carry their opponents, that, while Lord Oxford was im- peached, Mr Harley was imprisoned by order of the House of Commons, being arrested on the Speaker's warrant June, 1715. 1715.—Richard Fowler, of Abbey, Cwmhir, who defeated tho previous member, Thomas HrIey, and although that gentleman petitioned against his return nothing ctine of it, and Mr Harley retired into private life, This member was the son of Sir \Vm. Fowler, of Harnaga Grange, Salop (who was sheriff of Radnorshire 16S6, and had been created a baronet Nov., 1704), whom he succ. as second baronet about 1717. He ii- Sarah, dau. of Wm. Sloane, of Portsmouth, and niect) of Sir Hans Sloane, Bait- the celebrated founder of the Sloane Museum, and was member for the county 1715-22, when in his turn lie was defeated. Sir Richard was app. an Equery to the Queen 1682, and was for some years a Com- missioner of Army Debts. He died 173—. 1722.—Sir Humphry Howarth, Knt., of Caebalfa, who vanquished Sir Richard Fowler, who afterwards fruitlessly petitioned against the return. Petitions were very usual in those days, and being tried by com- mittee appointed by the House of Commons from among its own members, the expense was vary trifling, compared with the cost of election petitions at the present dny. Sir Humphrey was created a knight August, 1705, married Mary, widow of Henry Williams, of Gwernyfed, and dau. of John Walbeoffe, of Llanhamlach^ Breconshire, and was a linn supporter of Sir Robert Walpole, as he voted for the Hessian Troops 1730, the Excise Bill 1733, the Septennial Act 1734, and the Convention 1739. He sat for the county for nearly 33 years, from 1722 till his death in 1755, being re-elected 1727, 1734, 1741, 1747, and 1754. As a reward for Sir Humphrey's support for Sir Robert WalpoU's Government, his only sou Humphry Maynwaring Howarth was made a Clerk of the Treasury August, 1732 but thisgentleman, whom, in January, 1743, Mrs Ordway with R20,000," (as the "Gentleman's Ma gar.ine" quaintly recorded it), died in the life- time of his father December, 1748. Sir Humphrey had twice to fight for his seat after winning it, in 1734, when he defeated W. Gwyn Vaughan, of Trebarried, (see Breconshire 1721) who unsuccess- fully petitioned against the return, and in 1741, when he only escaped defeat by a majority of 21, at the hands of Roderick Gwynne, of Glanbran, Carmarthenshire, as the poll closed—Howarth, 519 G wynne, 436. Mr Gwynne petitioned against the return, but the House decided to dis- miss the petition. 17^5, March.—Howell Gwynne, junior, of Vane- lwedd and Garth, Breconshire, vice Howarth, deceased. Tho third and last member of the Llanelwedd family to represent the county. He was the son of Howell Gwynne, of that place, and in. Mary, dau. and heiress of Marmaduke Gwynne, of Garth, M.P. for Radnor 1630, where- by he acquired that estate, and he was member for this county 1755 61, and for the "pocket borough of Old Sarum (Wiltshire) 1761-8. He was lord-lieut. and Cus. Rot. of Radnorshire Dec., 1755, to July, 1766. 1761.—James (Brydges), Lord Marquis of Car- narvon, only son of Henry, second Dulfe of Chandos. He was born Dec., 1731, anl m. twice (1), in March, 1753, to Margaret, d. and h. of John Nichols, of Hendon and Sonthgate, Middle- sex, who brought him a fortune of £ 15,000, and she having died Aug., 1763, he m. (2) June, 1777, Anne Eliz., dau. of Richard Gamon, one of the commissioners of the duties on salt 1784, and widow of Roger Hope EUetson, Lieutenant- Governor of Jamaica. His lordship, who, from his exalted position, was naturally a personage of great influence, sat in Parliament for Winchester 1754-61, and for Radnorshire 1761-8 was created hon. LL.D. Oxford Univ. Oct., 1755, and held the offices of Lord of the Bedchamber to George Prince of Wales, for some years previous to Nov., 1760, and Lord-in-Waiting to the King 1760 to Aug., 1764, when he res. succeeded his father as third and last Duke of Chandos Nov., 1771, was added to the Privy Council May, 1775, was eleoted High Steward of Winchester, Ranger cf Enfield Chase, 1764, Lord.Lieut, and Cus. Rot. of Hampshire 1762-4, July and Jan., 1771-80, and held tho office of Lord Steward of the Household to George III. from Dec., 1783, till his death, Sept., 1789, when tho title became extinct. His only dau. and heiress m. Lord Temple, afterwards Duke of Buckingham and Chando! On his grace's death the Barony of Chandos was ciaimed iby the Rev. Edward T. Brydges, and it was fitially decided in June, 1313, after numerous hearings, lasting over 13 years, that the claim had not been made out. 1768.—Chase Price, of Knighton, fourth son of John P., of that placo (his mother being Eliss., dau. of William Chase). He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and m. Sarah, dau. of William Evelyn Glanville, M.P. lIe sat for Leominster 1759 67, and for Radnorshire 1768 till his death, July, 1777. His dau. Sarah in. Bamber-Gascoyne, M.P., Liverpool. Mr Chase Price was re-elected, 1774, when ho defeated Thomas Johncs by 439 to 340 votes. 1777 JA,y.-TI)oinas Johnes, of Penybont, Llanfair, Carmarthenshire, and Hnfod, Cardi- ganshire. eon of James Johnes of Dolaunothy Carmarthenshire, and was twice m. (1) to Mary Anne, d. and co-h. of Jeremiah Powell, of Cwm- ele, and (2) to Eliz., only d. and b. of R chard Knight, of Croft Castle, co. Hereford, who brought him a fortune of -070,000. He was Lord- lieut. and cus. rot. of co. Cardigan and having unsuccessfully contested this county 1774, was its member 1777 till his death, June, 1780. The vacancy caused by his decease remained unfilled till the dissolution the following September. (To be continued).

THIS WORLD MOVES.—Editor: Mr Coigns, how many fortune-tellers' ads. have we to-night ?— Foreman Two-thirds of a column, si".—Editor Has the astrology expert turned in his stuff roreman Yes, sir about three columns of horoscopes.—Editor Very good run the story about the Ghosts in Mott Haven," with a large heading, and I'll soon send m an editorial on The Press as an Lgency for tho Banishment of 8uperstl tiOD. t

PROMINENT PREACHERS, Dii, CLIEFOITJ). 1 .1 I i- The pastor of Westbourne-park Chapel has many claims to distinction. He ig, probably, the most highly-educated minister in the Baptist denomination; he has more science than many a scientific man, more literature than many men of letters, and more theology than most men who are theologians and nothing more. He is B.A., M.A., B.Se and LL.B. of the London University (in almost every instance with honours), not to speak of honorary degrees, in- cluding that of D.D., frcm other sources, is a Fellow of the Geological Society, and has written many books, some of which have run through several editions. He is the pastor of, perhaps, the most active and many-sided Nonconformist church in the land. He is hardly less prominent as a citizen a.nd politician than as a man of science and divine. And while one of the most spiritual, he is also one of the most candid and advanced thinkers of his persuasion. No one has given a more cordial reception to the doctrine of Evolution, aud among Baptists he is the leader of the small band of ministers who ex- plicitly admit that the Bible, chief repository as it is of the spiritual treasure of the race, has not the inerrancy which has long been attributed to it. That he has not escaped misrepresentation and calumny may go without saying. But though it cannot have been pleasant to him to be treated as an assailant of the Book which is to him unspeakably precious, his popularity bag only grown under the attacks directed against him, aud his name was never 30 influential as ib is to-dty. Dr. Clifford's ministry derives its distinctive- ness and much of its power from the enthusiasm with which he has embraced the democratic idea. Even the statesman who defined democracy as I government of the people by the people for the people could not have been more penetrated by that great conception than is he. But it is upon the middle term of the formula that he lays chief stress. What most commends the popular polity to him is not so much that under it the people are governed, and are governed to their own material advantage, as that they themselves Me the governors, have the training and discipline which deepens their souse of responsibility, and enlarges and ennobles tho whole nature. In other words, it is first the moral and then the social, nnd only "after theso the purely political aspect of tho democratic idea that elicits his enthusiasm. The discerning reader will, therefore, bo prepared to hear that his faith in democracy has come to him not from French Encyclopaedists nor from American Con- stitution-makers, but from tho Bible, and especi- ally from the New Testament. It is because democracy, as he conceives it, is so entirely i congruous with what ho holds to be tho mind of Christ and the essence of Christianity that it finds in him so fervent and unwavering a j champion. No one is more quick to soe what is involved in the fact that it was to the poor the gospel, was preached, and that it was the common people who heard it gladly. Yet let it not be supposed that he is mere flitlerer of the masses. The working man who fuddles himself with driiik, or who, himself leaving off work at mid-day on Saturday, compels the small shopkeeper to remain behind his counter till midnight, is treated on occasion to some veryiplaiu spsakmg. An ardent disciple of Mr Ruskin-he has a Ruskin c'ass which meets at seven in the morning! —Dr. Clifford is an uncompromising assailant of unchecked competition. The Socialistic ideal as the ultimate expression, the flower and fruit, of democracy, has much in it that "finds" him and it is conceivable that the new thoughts owo more to his powerful bnt temperate advocacy than to the shrieks of some who hate the capitalists more than they love the labourer. It is eminently characteristic of this large- e. hearted, broad-minded, unconventional man, that he should devote one or two of his holiday Sundays in the year to roaming about London, in order :osee how the myriads of people who attend no place of worship spend their leisure. Sitting on the Embankment, he overhears one man, in talk witji his mate, Tyonder whethsr there will be as much work to be done in heaven, as there is on earth—if there is, he is in no haste to depart; and the remark suggests to the listener what a crushing burden work must be to myriads of his fellow-citizens for its shadow thus to be flung over even the day of rest. In the park he asks a young man whom ho falls in with why he is not at a place of worship, and is treated to a sufficiently uncomplimentary description of the "cloth." The parsons, he is told, are An unmanly lot; they preach one thing and live another; they represent the religious lifo as something very easy, whereas it is particularly hard and they declare the Bible to be infallible when its errors are as plain as the nose in your face." It is characteristic of Dr. Clif. ford's scientific habits that as soon as he gfits borne after a day spent in this fashion he should commit these and similar dialogues to paper and should methodise and sum up his own impres- sions. And the conclusions at which he arrives are that though there is a spice of unfairness in the prevalent view of ministers, there is a great deal too much justification for it; and that as long as the majority of Londoners have so to toil and moil during the six days that they only act upon an impulse of self-preservation in giving up the Sunday to rest and recreation and the quest of fresh air, it is unreasonable to blame them for not going to church or chapel. All this may be very unclerical. But then Dr. Cliftord has nothing of the cleric about him. Even the little black tio which is affected by the mildly unconventional minister is eschewed and seeing him anywhere but in the pulpit, you would neer dream that be was a divine, eminent or otherwise. The scholar's stoop, the strong, keen, but genial face, the massive forehead, pio- claim the laborious student, the vigorous thinker, the man of energetic action and of bold initiative. f, -L.. But though the larJ;e and mobile mouth may suggest the "peak*i',ne would more naturally think of a man of sci&ce with a gift of popular exposition than. &f i, preacher with a turn for secular activities. All things considered, it is not surprising that Dr. Clifford's is not a jdistinguised congregation, although it is rathfcr l<&a0 than might be expected in the case of a man of such academical distinction. It appear to be made up largely of tradesp^jp]^ I\nd shop assistants, with, however, a sprinkling of professional men on the one hand, and uirrfc than a sprinkling of working men on the other. The truth is that the doctor has aimed at tha people rather than at any one class. Aiid it is suiffciently well-known that he is no respeeterNjf persons, that everyone who joins Ins" church i3 expected to engage in some form of Work, be*»fc religious, social, philan- thropic, or educational, and that a member is appreciated pceeiaeiy in the measure of his usefulness, and not at all according to his wmrith or social standing. Nor is either the chapel or the service quite such as to have attraction for tho leisured and highly-refined classes. The building is commodious, and the most has been mude of the space available but if the Gothic is to be subjected to such treatment as this in order to be democratised, it would be a good deal better to b«dd.iiraq0ther style. As to the singing, for a churcWfrhich is so largely composed of young people, which, has a choral class, and which hiys itsolf out «o c«ir<fuljy for of many kinds, it 13 curiously ineffective. At first sight it might seem strange that Dr. Clifford should not be inore alive to the importance of music, both as 4azi aid to devotion and as a lawful attraction$o the multitude. But with a mora intimate knoi^edge of the ma.n this is seen to be just whAt mighihavo been expected. His own oratory has Ilit4h of the plainness which marks the musical psirt of his service. He has always, it is clear, begh too much concerned with facts and ideas to givJ thought to the graces of speech. For all his do in his citizenship, his provincial origm—he, ivaa born at Sawley, near Derby—still faintly mietrays itself; the voice itself, strong, though ut musical, has little range, and undergoes 'fcaro*#/ any modulation action there is. but it is notice action of a man with a natural turn for graced au<j significant gesture, or who has oarMl to wiftivate it as an art. Yet, with these drawbacks,T)p. Clifford is a .,powerftil, an impressive, a ^-yuhiting speaker^ and on occaflion can stir an audience as few men know how to. As a writer, his style, if a trifle too reminiscent of his scientific studies, and somewhat lacking, perhaps, in supplsness, is procise, luminous, and nervous. But it is through speech rather than throu^n writing, as we venture to think, that his intellectual forco and his moral earnestness best express themselves. Viitil an unusual command of powerful impromptu speech, he does not choose to diipensf, with entirely. He will speak for some time in the language of tho moment, and then, coming to a passage whore precision of statement is specially desirable," he will take up a sheet of paper and unblushingly read from it. He is also much given to quot:t,.ioix-rtthPr more, perhaps, than is consistent with a perfect style either of writing or of speech. But he does this of set purpose, and well knowing how it is likely to strike critical minds and seeing how opposite and admirable the citations are, it may be almost captious to suggest that there are to,) many of them. A brilliant student himself, Dr. Clifford has made it one of his chief concerns to supply facilities for young men and women who, though wi £ ageci in ilie business of life, are anxions to con- tinue their education. The in connection with tba church is one of the largest and best agencies of the kind in London. With its sixty ^classes viclding instruction in almost every conceivable branch of knowledge, and its 4ào students, it has now outgrown its home, and a new bnilùín is to be provided for it. at a cost of £ 10,000. Of this institute, M oÍ everything belonging to the church, Dr. Clifford is the life and soul. Yet what he doos HIMSELF is not more remarkable than his genius for getting other people to work. His memory for faces and names IS hardly less phenomenal than was the late Mr Spurgeon's and if any hone to escape his summons to work by a policy of modesty, they are qnicKly undeceived. Though his 57 years have been so crowded with strenuous studies and eager activities, he is still in the prime of his powers, and the church to which he has already ministered for the long space of five and-thirty years may reasonably count upon much further servic. And while he has their admiration and affeccton, he has also the confidence and regard of tho denomination at large. In 1872 within 14 years of his leaving the Nottingham Theo- logical College, he was elected president of the General Baptist Association. From 1676 to 1878 ho was 'secretary of the London Baptist Associa- tion, and president in 1879 and in 1883 he was chosen president of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Higher honours it is not in the power of his brethren to confer upon him Imt it is safe to say that if their pride and trust in him change as the years pass on, it can only be in the sense of becoming greater and stronger. THE SUBJECT OF THK NEXT ARTICLE WILL BE CARDINAL VAUGHAN.

Ghosts. Do you believe in qb,).sts ?" was asked of an old lady, somewhat timidly. "To be sure I do," replied she, co as much as I believe that bright fulrrunary that will rise in the oast to-morrow morning, if we live and nothing happens. Two apprehensions have sartinly ap- peared in our own family. Why, I saw my dear Paul a fortnight before he died, with my own^ eyes, jest as plain as I see you now and though it turned out afterwards to be it rosebush with a nightcap on it, I shall always think to the day of my desolation that it was a forerunner sent to me. T'other one came in the night, when we were asleep, and carried away three hams and a gallon Of spirits that we kept ih the house for an m. bt.rtcation. Believe in ghosts ? indeed I guess I do, and he must be a dreadful skyplic as doesn't." and she piously turned to the yarj, 0f the Bible relating to the Witch of Endor. .=:

Time, 2 a.m. Diner out, soliloquising This an amazingly long fence been walkin' along it for half an hour, an' ain't come to the end yet. Mnt be tremend'shly rich man thot ownsh all the property inshide this fensh."

■. ■? 1 Teacher: Parse the sentence, "Yucatan is a poll i n.Atiln. Pupil (who never oonlcl understand grammar, anyhow): Yucatan is a proper noun, nom'tive case, second person, singular- Teaoher How do you make that out :-Ptipil First person Icatan, second person Yucatan, third person Hecatan plural, first person We- catan, second per-- Teacher: Go to your »-v< H •

The Household. Water as a Remedy. If more wter were consumed and less bever- ages, there would bp fewer dyspeptics, rheuma- tics, and bilious sufferers. A glass of water taken at night before retiring aud the first thing in the morning will often obviate a tendency to oon. stipation, and with dyspeptics a glass taken hot or cold before meals will be found efficacious, washing out the stomach and putting it in better condition to digest the food. With a little lemon juice addod and drunk freely it is useful in rheu- matism. In tho first stages of a sprain, if hot water is applied, hot as can be borne, and the application renewed constantly, the following day see the part comparatively free from sorcubss andllapcdjlo of beitfg used. If it is an ankle., the foot may be placed in a foot-tub of warm water, the heat being raised by the addition of hot water, and the temperature being kept up to the limit of endurance for an hour or so. With children the warm bath is a sleep- preducer in nervous irritability, allaying convul- sions, and a rapidly-acting stimulant in cases of emergency. worry or excitement, or over- work or indigestion, or some such cause, has banished sleep, drink a tumbler, or a couple of tumblers, of hot water in sips wheu undressing. The soothing effect is wonderful. There are, however, persons who should not drink large quantities of hot water. These are as follows :— (1) People who have irritability of the heart. Hot water will cause palpitation of the heart in such cases. (2) Persons with dilated stomachs. (3) Persons hHl-etcd with "sour stomachs." (4) Per- sons who have soreness of the stomach. Hot water is an excitant, and, in cases in which irrita- tion of the stomach exists, should be avoided.— Farm and Home. Tea and Lead Poisoning. In the light of rent discoveries at Southampton' that tea is adulterated with lead, it seems desir- able that some attention should once more be given to this article. The Customs' examination, it was believed, had squelched tea adulteration, but such finds as those at Southampton may well cause grave uneasiness, and lead the public to ask if tea adulteration be really a thing of the past. Our inquiries go to prove that tea sophistication is very largely practised, despite the vigilance of those concerned with suppressing it. At least two great proprietary packet tea firms, to our own knowledge, have in use the patent tea- restoring machine, which gives to damaged or "gone-off" tea the appearance of first-class new tea. Whether the use of this recent invention explains the discovery of lead in tea at South- ampton, or the process of "faking "is harmless, is a matter that ought to be inquired into, inas- much as lead is a very dangerous poison, and its presence in so many samples may well cause grave public alarm. Popular as is the cup that oheers, but does not inebriate," tea-drinking will quickly be shrunk from in horror if its devotees have to risk lead-poisoning in their favourite beverage. Enough sins are alleged against tea without this of lead contamination,—Food and Sanitation. Hints. CoLO RABBIT OR OTHER MBAT.—Cut the meat into peat strips and lay it aside. Slice a fine cucumber very thinly, sprinkle a little salt over it, and lay it between two dishes for an hour. Drain the water from it, and pour over it a epoonful or two of vinegar, and let it remain another hour. Pour off the vmegar, and put the cucumber into a saucepan with two ounces of fresh butter, a bunch of parsley, a small onion, and any herbs liked. Shake the saucepan over tha fire until the cucumber is slightly brown. Dredge a little flour over it, and pour over it a quarter of a pint of stock or gravy made from tho rabbit bones, and let it simmer gently for half-an- hour. Take out the herbs, season with pepper and salt; put in the rabbit, and let it get quite bgt, but the cø tnua): not boil after tl&e meat ia put in. Pile the rabbit on a dish, pour the.salce over it, and serve very hot. In choosing a rabbit see that it is young and fresh. It should bo etiif, with the flesh white and dry iu appear- ance, the coat smooth, with the e^rs tenfltpf wvfl easily torn. DAKKD POTATOES.—Potatoes for baking should be Wiiehed and scrubbed thoroughly, dried, and baked in a hot oven, from one-half to three- quarters of an hour. Serve at once, a* it spoils them to stand. CANADIAN POTATom CAKES.—Mash fine a dozen boiled potatoes add sal ii, pepper, a table- spoonful of butter and two tablespoonfuls of flour. Mix and roll into a sheet half an inch thick. Cut into rounds and bake like cakes on a hot greased griddle on top of the stove, or in a buttered dripping-pan in a hot oven for five minutes. Serve very hot. CARROT PUDDING.—Boil and mash fine six ounces of carrot, add six ounces or suet chopped fine, half a pound of currants, two large table- spoonfuls of sugar, half a nutmeg, a saltspoonful of salt, and three large tablespoonfuls of flour. Mix all these ingredients thoroughly, put them in a greased pot, and boil the pudding for three hours. Two DISHES OF MAOARONI. -(1).A la Milanaite. —Boil two ounces of macaroni, and keep it hot after draining 1 Take a breakfast cupful of chicken broth, flavoured with an onion, sweet herbs, and black peppercorns. Melt one ounce of butter into a saucepan, stir into a dessert spoonful of flour, and as it is thickening add to it two ounces of grated Parmesan cheese, a tea- spoonful of powdered mustard and salt, and, spiced pepper to taste. Continue to stir the sauce until it is of a creamy thickness, than add a talilespoonful of cream and the yolks of twb eggs beaten separately. Serve at once. (2) With Tomatoes.—Take three pints of clear beef stock, put one pound of macaroni in it, and boil 15 minutes; then take up the macaroni, which should have absorbed all the liquid, and put it on a flat dish. Sprinkle cheese thickly over it, and pour over all tomato sauco well boiled, strained, and seasoned with salt aud peooec

Welsh Tit-Bits. Neu WreichionOddiar yr Eingion. [BY OADBAWD ] The Life and Characteristics of lolo Morganwg. tn stature he was a medium sized man, as near like a Welsh farmer as could be imagined, and when on his travels he used to carry a wallet across his shoulder, which contained books and manuscripts. He was a keen-eyed person, and could not be passed by without being notided he always carried a long walking-stick, longer than himself, which he grasped on a level with his shoulder, and generally when walking lie read from a book, and always carried with hint a pan and some ink, to make notes of what he wished to remember. A French philosopher onco said that educa- tion was good for an ordinary man, but he who was endowed with genius would teach himself." In the subject of these sketches we have a very' true example of the above quotation, for, under the greatest disadvantages, he became a profound scholar, not even in his own language, but also in that of the English, French, Latin, and Greek tongues. Ho was a very learned antiquarian, a good poet in two languages. He understood the sciences of architecture, geology, agricul- ture, botany, music, etc., and was ac- quainted with the systems of mental philosophy, which be studied when a young man. He never was at school 111 his-life, and learned his trade as a stone mason with his father, and followed that occupation through life. He was a great collector of manuscripts, and was the means of bringing together a vast quantity of the most valuable matter pertainmg to the history of Wales, which no doubt, had it not been preserved by his indefatigable efforts and in- dustry, would by this time become unrecoverable. Independent of the numerous articles and the pieces of poetry be wrote for the different Welsh and English magazines which were I in circulation in his time, he published two volumes of poetry, which he called "Lyric Poems," in 1797. At the request of Dr. Gregory, chaplain to the Bishop of Llaudaff; Dr. Kippie, the Rev. Theophilus Lindsay, and others, he wrote over 600 hymns and psalms for the use of the Christian churches of all denomina- tions. These were published in 1811, and most. of them are now in the hymn-books of the Welsh Unitarians. The lolo MSS. were published by the Welsh MSS. Society, edited chiefly by his. worthy son, Taliesin ab lolo, which are in them. selves an embodiment of careful researches and ingenious criticism. "Cyfrinach y Beirdd was^ produced by him, and published after his death, edited by his son. This book, which has gone through several editions, is considered the best ex- position of the Glamorgan rules of poetry, andf respected by every Welsh scholar, and admitted by all to bo tho highest authority on the rules of, Welsh prosody. To him Wales is chiefly in- debted for the "Myfyrian Archaeology," the richest storehouse of ancient literature, aod the fullest collection of the works of the oldest and best writers in prose and poetry. This, collection was first published in three large quarto volnines, ■ at.a coat of over £ 1,000, which was supplied by the patriotic gentleman Owain Myfyr, hence the "Myfyriau Archaeology." lolo materially assisted Dr. W. O. Pugh in bringing out the works of Llywarch Heu, who flourished in the 6th century, and wrote the preface. He also assisted the same gentleman in preparing his edition of the poetical works of ] Dafydd ap Gwilym, the Saul among the Welsh poets, who flourished in the fourteenth century. It is recorded of lolo that while he was jn North' Wales during a period of eight months coltecting material for the several works we have named, he allowed himself only four hours of sleep each day. Again, according to a trustworthy authority, lolo was chiefly the author of the Cambrian Biography," which was published in 1803 by the same William Oiven, F.A.S., being an historical notice of celebrated men among the ancient Britons. He assisted, too, the same industrious gentleman in the translation of Milton's "Paradise Lost." lolo was at one time engaged for some time by the Board of Agriculture collecting materials for a statistical account of the Princi* pality, particularly those of South Wales. These were edited by the Rev. Walter Davies (Gwallter Mechain), and published in two volumes in 1815. Another two volumes were published from the old bard's manuscripts at Llanover by the Welsh MSS. Society, whish were called Burddas," edited by the late Rev. John Williams (Ab- Ithel), vicar of Llanymowddwy. The unpub- lished MSS. of lolo Morganwg aro now at? Llanover, and said to contain iiiaterial nougu,for;, 18 or 20 good-sized voliimes. The Book of Baglan. CLANYOW. —Con t i n ued. Mary, da. of Sir Anthony Poyntte, ma. Sir' Edward Georges, of Wrexall, in county of Somersetshire. Sir John Poyntte, of Acton, K. oldest sone bye his first wife, ma. Ursula, da. to Sir John Sidenham, of Brinton, Knight. Edward Poyntte, oldest sone byo his second* wife, ma. Florence, da. to John Jones Treowen, Eq. Hughe Poyntte and Robert Poyntte, his two sones bye his second wife. Marye Poyntte, da. to Sir Nicholas Poyutte, of Acton, K., sone to Sir Nicholas Poyntte, Knight, ina. Francis Codrington, of Franipton upon Sevarne, lsq., and hath issue. Margaret Poyntte, da. to Sir Anthoney Poyntte, K., married to Sir John "Newton/of Easthart-erye. Henrye Newton, now living, 1601 Francis, ma. William, Lord Cobham. Jane, da. to Sir Nycholas Poyntte, who was sone to Sir Anthony Poyntte, ma. John Seymor, of Cotrell, in co. of Gloucester, E-qr. Anne 111a. Sir Thomas Henenge, of Coxhall, in co. Essex, K., treasurer of the Chamber of the' noble Queen Elizabeth. Franoes ma. Sir John Barclay, of Bcnston Castle, Knight. 1"TTF., John Gwillym Herbert, of Ytten, sone to Sir' Win. Thos., of Raglan, Knight, mat 2 wives. His first wife was da. to Cemes, of/Newport, Esqr. his second wife was da. to Lewis ap Dafydd ab Rhe, of St. Peer. Jane, da. and c h ma. dir Thos. Morgan, of Pencoed, k, da., ma. SirDawtrae, k. Another: da. ma. to Sir Barclay, knight; another married Baker, Esq., of whom Baken, Lord Cox, was descended. Another da. ma. Squrvile, Esq., of whom the Scurviles are descended. loan ma. Thos. Bawdrop, of whom the Baw. dropa are descended. Sir Wm. Morgan, of Pencoed, knight, George Morgan, whose daughter Florence tea. Gxvillvm, of Trepencenell, Esq. John Morgan, of Carlyne, Esq., ma. Eliza, da. to Lewis, ab Richard Gwynne, Esq. loan ma. Sir Christopher Baye, keigiu- Anne ma, Edward Lewis, of the Van, Esq. another da. ma. Freme, of Lipiat (?) in Stroud- Water, who had Jane, who ma. Thos. Rynallt, of T/suilloweU. James Thomas Rynallt ma. Eiizabeth, da. to George Cemes, Esq.

NOT EXACTLY A SCARECROW. Party on Shore What are yon doing, Uncle Jim ?" Uncle Jim I'm goin' ter sink this 'ere figger an' see' I can't keep them dinged dog-fish off'n ay ovster bed?."

I GOSSIPS' CORNER. The past year on the London Stock Exchange has been the worst on record. The first steamer for Manchester, with a cargo of cotton, is now in the Ship Canal. Brazil last year exported to the Cape of Good Hope alone nearly 100,000 bags of coffee. There are now five Anglican bishoprics vacant in the provinces of Australia and New Zealand. Police statistics show that of the cabmen in London, about 1,000 are more than 60 years of age. Last year Great Britahueceived from abroswi 'nearly 4,000,000 oarcaaea, of frozen sheep and lambs. A telegram from Buenos Ayres says that the Argentine maize crop bas been almost destroyed by frost. The Minister of War at Brussels has elaborated a scheme for the prompt mobilisation of the different cyclist eorps. Dealers in poultry assert that during the post 20 years they have never known trade in such a stagnant state. A set of chronicles from the press of Ool. Johnes, of Hafod, 25 volums was sold by auctioc in 1893 for £ 37. An attempt is to be made in London to form 8 union of waiters, waitresses, and others employed by licensed victuallers. A trooper writing from Buluwayo says it is beastly place, especially; since the rain set in. The water has been filthy. Some man who is gone on figures says that 10,000,000 tubers can be raised from a single potato in ten years. Recent census figures show that the population of the city of Washington has increased 50,000 during the past year. Mr Phillip Wroughton (Conservative) has ex- pressed his intention to retire from the representa- tion of North Berkshire. The most novel consignment yet to the port of Manchester is an Egyptian mummy, believed to be over 4,000 years old. The professional class in England and Wales constitutes no more than 4'2 per ceut. of the population, 926,132 persons. According to advices received at Buenos Ayrea from Coquimbo, some rich veins. of gold hsvo been discovered near that place. It is now stated positively that Mr T. H. Ismay is shortly to be placed at the head of the London and North-Western Railway Company. We understand that a. revised translation of tits New Testament into Welsh by a clergyman in the diocese of Bangor will shortly be issued. The books of the year in poetry and fiction art "Verses" by Miss Christina Rossetti.- and Catriona" by Robert Louis Stevenson. A German gentleiban has erected at his own expense and with his "own hands a memorial to Heine in the midst of the African forest. In 1893 nearly 50,000 lots of books were sail by auction at first-class sales in London and the provinces, thej amount realised being £ 66,470 15s 6d. The unemployed are troubling the New South Wales Government. There are at present seveml" thousand persons unable to obtain shelter, at night. Professor Buchner explains in this moimtht "Fortnightly" that mankind is in danger of being traced back to a lower origty than the high- class ape. < In Mr Murray's list of forthcoming works is to be noticed a new volume of poems by the DukA of Argyll, under the title "The Burdensof Belief." The sentence of death passed upon Vaillant brings the number of criminals which are awaiting execution by M. Daibler up to no fewer than nine. The French authorities are puzzled 'what to do with the priza of 100,000 francs left by a lady int the person who first succeeds in communicating with the inhabitants of Mars. No woman has ever been elected to the I Academy since the beginning. The two women who were among the original Academicians were appointed, of course, not elected. The resignations m the Volunteer force are in creasing rather than decreasing. During the plat two months 133 officers have retired, while tbere have been only 83 new appointments. Bankers in England and Wales, according to the last census, have diminished in number from 1,057 to 910, but the total of bank officiallranci clerks has risen from 14,998 to 19,975. The tintil band of poetesses has been recruited by the addition of Maude Egerton King, whe now shares the attention hitherto reserved for Miss Rossetti and Michael Field." Welsh tonic sol-faists are reminded that th* next quarterly examinations in connection with the Tonic Sol-fa College will be held from. Sptur. day next, 20th inst., until thn following Saturday,. 27th. Mr George Armitstead, Mr Gladstone's host at Biarritz, is a tall, striking-looking man of erect carriage, with piercing dark eyes, acquiline noae, thick snow-white hair, and is in his seventieth year. The gold embroidered tablecloth which Mi«y,-■ Jenkins, Abermorlais, Merthyr, has received from India, as a silver celebration gift, bdj attracted the attention of a wide circle of lady « friends. y Statistics show that there are in the United States more than 6,000,000 farms, upon whiol dwell over 30,000,000 people, who furnish morf than 74 per cent. of the value of exports of thai ;Cour,trv. Had Thackeray's wife not turned mad he might have been a happier man but (thinks the St. James's Gazette) English literature might hav< been the poorer by The Newcomes" and Vanity Fair." "The best temperance beverage for English- men is downright Bofelish beer." So said M1 Groves, the ^president of the North of Enctand. Institute of Technical Brewing,'at a dinner 111 Leeds last week. Mr Andrew Dsakin, of Birmingham, is engaged. in the task of elaborating his Musical BiWI6 graphy," and now haS a list of 6,000 musical worki printed in England before 1800. Of these onÎ" 3,500 have accurate datep. Tivo hundred and four years ago George Fox the founder of the Quakers, died in White Hart court, Gracechurch-street. A few days before be iu the adjoining tneetmff-iiqiggp, £$ time the only Quaker resort in-London. The marriage arranged between Major Willian Frederick Cleave, of the Royal Artillery, ano igiadys Elizabeth, elder daughter of-.Mr Wud *vi Mitchell, of Llanfrechfa Grange, Caerlson, Mon- mouthshire, has been fixed to take place on th< 31tis The cuckoo is the earliest riser in the ttiOminR followed by the greenfinch at 1.30 8.m" the black cap at 2.30, the quail at 3, the blackbird at 4, th< robin and wren ac 4.30, the thrush about 4.50 followed by the house sparrow, tomtit, and larl at a later hour.

A SATURDAY SERMON. You may think it is beneath the dignity ØI human nature to spend all this time in contem- plating the size and shape of a piece of wood. Very well it is written in the fifteenth chaptei of the Koran that when Adam was created all ttit angels were commanded to worship him. But Eblis, the chief of them, refused saying, "Far bw it from me, that am a pure spirit, to worship < creature of clay." And for this refusal he wat I shut out for ever from Paradise. Now the doom of Eblis awaits you if you fail to give due rever- ence to these little odious everyday things- things that are true of e"ory stone that lies on the pavement, of every drop of rain that falls from heaven, of every breath of air that fans yoq; Like him you will find with astonishment thai 11 the creature of clay which you despise is the Lord of Nature and the Measure of all things, for in every speck of dust that falls lie hid the laws of the universe; and there is not an hour that I passes in which you do not hold the Infinite iu your hand. TH* late Prof. CLIFFORD. F.R.8

CONQUERING AND ENDURING. Honeless the task to baffle care, Or break through sorrow s thrah T,) "hake thy yoke thou may'st not dare It would lIore keenly gall. Through life' dark mase a sunnier way TIUSTtranquil thought insures— To know, let Fate do what she may. He conquerli who endures Vengeance for any cruel wrong Bnngeth a dark renown Rat fadeless wreaths to him belong Who Calmly lives it down Who scorning every mean redress,' Each recreant art abjures, Safe in-the noble co.isciousne.ss. He conquers who endures Who quells a nation's wayward will May lord it on a throne But he's a mightier monarch still Who vanquiaheth his own, No frown of fortune lays him low, .I. No treacherous smile allures King of himself, throiyjh weal or woe. He conquers who endures Mark the lone rock that grandly studa The melancholy main — The raying winds, the foaming floods, Burst over it in vain. In age majestic as in youth, It stands unchanged, secure; Symbol immortal of the truth— Thev conquer who endure CHARLES J. DCNFHIB,

GARDENING NOTES. Flower Garden. After such an opan season there should be few arrears to fetch up. Roses should now be all planted, staked, and mulched. Creepers and climbers on walls should be pruned and tramed. In windy districts this training is important, as when things are stripped from the walls it j* difficult to put them right again without a good deal of cutting away. Gronps of laurustinus have been, and are still, bright and effective. This ia a charming shrub in sheltered places; and flowers of any kind have a cheerful appearance in winter. One of the worst features of the modern villa garden is the ugty.wooden fence, generally smeared with tar, is so common in the suburbs of towns. Larca fences are not so bad in appearance, but they are usually put up so slightly that in a few years they are falling about and need repairs. Division lines between moderate-sized gardens are best formed with good hedges. Their first cost is trifling, and they are permanent if cut regularly. The best kind of hedge is a mixture of privet and whitethorn- two thorns to one privet. If a few stout posts are driven into the ground, and a. couple of wires are strained along the posts, the upper one to be three feet high, and strong thorns and privets are planted, a hedge will be formed that will prove a sufficient barrier in a short time. The hedge plants can be tied to the wires. Ever- green shrubs may be pruned now, if the knife can do all the work; but if large branches have to be removed, leave it till March. Very pretty are the bush or treo ivies, now covered with berries; the gold and silver varieties have a bright effect cither in the borders or grouped on the lawn. Like many good things they move slowly at first; but when half a dozen years old they give character to the place. They may be grafted on the common Irish ivy, or they will root freely from cuttings. The gold-coloured conifers and tbe variegated hollies give a cheerful glow of colour in the murky days cf winter. Little bits of gold and dark crimson are appearing on the groups and patches of wallflowers. What a mis- take it is to plant these things late 111 the season they cannot be planted too soon if th& most is to be made of them, and the soil should be made firm about their roots. Vegetable Garden. Sow peAs and beans on a. warm south border when the land is inasuitable condition. American Wonder is a very dwarf pea, and may be grown without sticks. William 1st is a taller pea, but is reliable, and comes in early. Ringleader perhaps, the earliest of the white round peas, but will not compate with William 1st for flavour. Press the seed with red lead to protect them from mice. The seeds of early potatoes should be sorted over, and placed crown upwards in shallow boxts, and put somewhere in the light to sprout. For early planting in frames, the sets may be placed where there is a little warmth. Early potatoes are alwayB valuable, and it is not difficult to knock up some rough frames with old boards, and some light frames with laths, a ad tack oiled calico over them. These will in most season* shelter the early crops from spring frosts. I hops to gee the time when every garden, even, the smallest, vfill its bit of glass. Any handy man can make a garden frame, not quite «•« noat'v pei'hap\ *s a carpenter, but one that will be quite as useful, and I know plenty of working men who have greenhouses of their own workmanship in thel^e"8' a will there's a way should be the gardener's motto. With a few frnme, home-made it may be, and a little warm manure, a good deal may be dene by those who can take pains. 0Uufc lett,uces and cab- bages. Celery and winter broccoli will require protection. Prepare ground for omons by trench- ing and manuring. Greenhouse. Beddiag plants, pelargoniums, and other things must be kept clean and free from dead or discoloured leaves. Fortunately, the weather has been mild, and the fuel needed has been small in quantity. But if the present stock of plants must be augmented to tnetrt » larger demand, a little more heat will be desirable now in order to induce the plants to make growth to provide «it-tinffs. which will strike freely when two or three inches long. A good deal may be done witht. hotbed next month in raising seedlings and striking cuttings, but it is as well not to liei/in too soon, as when a start is made the pro- SX.M b, fairly r.p;d; M If*, ttere ?h,.»ld be no check. Tuberous begonias will be in the flower beds in the future, and v"'lbl. greenhouse plant,. \Vi,,„ a hotbed can be started in February, seeds may be sown, and if they are kept moving on, the seedlings will have a good deal of decorative value during the summer.Gardening.

TO FIT AS OCCASION REQUIRES. MKS WHALEN: "HOT yez enny shorl pants for byes ?" MR SILVERSTEIN: "I hafe not. I hare long bants for mens. Buy a pair for your husban', vash 'em once, und dey vill fit der chile. I holfe wold bants dot hafe vent drue a whole cheneration like dot. Do longer you vash em de smaller der fits."